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  • CertiK ($CTK) and CertiK Chain: What is in the Ecosystem?

    CertiK ($CTK) and CertiK Chain: What is in the Ecosystem?

    CertiK aims to provide a secure platform where blockchain infrastructure and decentralized applications can be developed. Its ecosystem consists of security layers that exist below the blockchain level, including the DeepSEA compiler, the CertiK Virtual Machine (CVM), and CertiKOS. Its native token, $CTK, has launched in Binance Launchpool on 27 October 2020. Below is a detailed overview of the CertiK ecosystem, including the CertiK chain.

    Background

    The CertiK Foundation supports the CertiK platform. The organization champions trust in blockchain systems. Its efforts are displayed through the development of a secure network that can boost confidence in decentralized systems. Furthermore, the CertiK Foundation is lead by renowned computer professors.

    What is CertiK?

    CertiK is a decentralized smart contract platform powering Dapps. Additionally, it supports inter-chain communication and runs on the Certik Chain.

    The system is primed for highly-specialized use cases. The protocol employs a PoS variation called delegated proof-of-stake (DPoS) and uses the Cosmos software development kit (SDK).

    The CertiK Foundation has taken upon itself to restore the trust in distributed platforms by employing cutting-edge security technologies and techniques. A key milestone achieved by CertiK is the provision of provable trust in a decentralized platform. Apart from focusing on security, the network also addresses performance and token economics.

    CertiK Token ($CTK)

    The economic aspect of the platform relies on the platform’s native currency, CTK. CTK’s major offering is being a utility token. (Provigil) Therefore, it helps power the crucial aspects of the CertiK ecosystem.

    For example, the token provides a mode of payment and settlement among the platform’s users.

    However, the token does not give its holders the right to interact and does not act as an investment into CertiK Foundation. Being issued inside a PoS-powered system, the token carries various benefits to incentivize holders to participate in staking and securing the network.

    Apart from being used on the CertiK protocol, CTK is a significant ingredient in the CertiK Chain. Here, the token is used to pay for transaction fees.

    In return, the fees reward staking nodes on the chain. Also, the token is used to reward those who delegate their CTK holding to validator nodes.

    CTK Token Allocation
    CTK Token Allocation (Image source: Binance Research)

    The token’s first issuance was achieved through two private sales that sold a total of 38 million CTK tokens worth a cumulative $39,430,000. Apart from the private sale 1 & 2 (29.0% & 9.0% respectively), the token distribution allocated 1.5% of its total supply to Binance Launchpool, 10.0% to the CertiK team, 25% to the CertiK Foundation, 17.5% to the community pool, and 8.0% to the CertiKShield pool.

    What is CertiK Chain?

    CertiK Chain is a blockchain protocol powering the CertiK ecosystem. It is highly secure and has cross-chain interoperability. To effectively achieve its mission, the platform incorporates key components such as a security oracle and a CertiKShield pool.

    Let’s dig into each of these components.

    CertiK Chain
    CertiK Chain (Image Source: CertiK Chain Whitepaper)

    CertiK’s Security Oracle

    The platform’s security oracle compresses audit reports to make them available on-chain. Basically, audit reports hold information as to the reliability of smart contracts. But, the reliability of smart contracts can be sabotaged by the data it uses to make decisions.

    With these reports living outside blockchain platforms, it poses a security threat prompting CertiK to bring them on-chain through its security oracle. Consequently, the network can effectively verify the security of a smart contract.

    Note that this component allocates scores depending on a smart contract’s latest audit report. The scores give an overview of a contract’s code reliability.

    CertiK Security Oracle
    CertiK Security Oracle (Image Source: CertiK Chain Whitepaper)

    More than just scoring contracts, the security oracle can track and report unaudited smart contracts. A distributed security team handles such reports. Using the CertiK Oracle Combinator, results from the security team are aggregated into a single score that can be accessed online. And, of course, the security team is rewarded.

    Luckily, this functionality is crucial in a decentralized finance (DeFi) setting where unaudited smart contracts are wreaking havoc. For example, by incorporating the CertiK’s security oracle, the responsibility of an audit is shifted from the contract creator to the contract users.

    CertiKShield Pool

    The CertiKShield pool is a unique component meant to minimize the risks emanating from the private nature of (most) cryptocurrencies. This may include losses from both avoidable and unavoidable circumstances such as house fires.

    The shield works by providing a flexible pool of CTK tokens. Since the token uses on-chain governance mechanisms, it can be used to compensate losses sprouting from inaccessibility and/or theft.

    In other words, this operates as an insurance platform. But, its decentralized nature allows it to receive inputs from all involved individuals before settling a claim.

    The CertiKShield Pool is made up of collateral providers and shied purchasers. Collateral providers earn staking rewards while shield purchasers pay for requested protection.

    CertiK Chain Architecture

    The main components of the CertiK Chain are baked together in an architecture that can achieve provable trust. Apart from the security oracle and the shield pool, the network’s backbone comprises a virtual machine and the DeepSEA toolchain.

    CertiK Virtual Machine (CVM)

    The CVM effectively eliminates the errors that may be introduced when converting smart contract code from human-based language to machine language. Although these errors may be unknown to contract developers, they pose a severe security risk.

    Being a security-first decentralized platform, the CVM relies on the output of DeepSEA, a certified compiler. The compiler’s output includes bytecode and mathematical proofs. The proofs can be used to isolate smart contracts’ code that doesn’t meet the security standards.

    DeepSEA Toolchain

    DeepSEA is a compiler and a programming language that’s hailed for its security. Notably, the CertiK-native tool is developed in conjunction with researchers from leading learning institutions such as Columbia and Yale University.

    DeepSea ToolChain
    DeepSea ToolChain (Image Source: CertiK Chain Whitepaper)

    The toolchain can determine the complex correctness properties of smart contracts. As such, it enhances the security of the network and products built on top of it.

    CertiK Governance

    The CertiK protocol uses on-chain governance methods to enable community involvement in decision-making. However, to vote for proposals, CTK holders can either delegate their voting powers to validators or vote directly. Validator nodes ensure the smooth running of the platform through powering activities such as block production.

    CertiK accommodates five types of proposals from its community:

    • Plain text: These are proposals that request modification of things like altering the number of incentives paid to validators.
    • Software upgrade: They lead to code modifications. They may include proposals to add new features.
    • Bounty: Examples of proposals in this category include those touching on creating chain artifacts and conducting security audits.
    • Community pool spend – They cater for the transfer of funds from a pool to an individual address, for instance, an individual developing a CertiK-specific product or upgrade.
    • Certifier: They are submitted by a certifier with a request to add or remove a certifier. Note that certifiers and validators vote on proposals.

    Conclusion

    In a space where malicious actors are always on the prowl for weaknesses in DeFi-focused smart contracts, CertiK provides the much-needed peace of mind. In addition, enabling a decentralized contract audit removes the need for DeFi users to solely rely on reports provided by the team, which, in some cases, are anonymous.

    From the security oracle to the reimbursement pools, to DeepSEA, the network structurally achieves a security-first approach with provable trust.

    Decentralised Finance (DeFi) series: tutorials, guides and more

    With content for both beginners and more advanced users, check out our YouTube DeFi series containing tutorials on the ESSENTIAL TOOLS you need for trading in the DeFi space e.g. MetaMask and Uniswap. As well as a deep dive into popular DeFi topics such as decentralized exchanges, borrowing-lending platforms and NFT marketplaces

    The DeFi series on this website also covers topics not explored on YouTube. For an introduction on what is DeFi, check out Decentralized Finance (DeFi) Overview: A guide to the HOTTEST trend in cryptocurrency

    Tutorials and guides for the ESSENTIAL DEFI TOOLS:

    More videos and articles are coming soon as part of our DeFi series, so be sure to SUBSCRIBE to our Youtube channel so you can be notified as soon as they come out!

    Disclaimer: Cryptocurrency trading involves significant risks and may result in the loss of your capital. You should carefully consider whether trading cryptocurrencies is right for you in light of your financial condition and ability to bear financial risks. Cryptocurrency prices are highly volatile and can fluctuate widely in a short period of time. As such, trading cryptocurrencies may not be suitable for everyone. Additionally, storing cryptocurrencies on a centralized exchange carries inherent risks, including the potential for loss due to hacking, exchange collapse, or other security breaches. We strongly advise that you seek independent professional advice before engaging in any cryptocurrency trading activities and carefully consider the security measures in place when choosing or storing your cryptocurrencies on a cryptocurrency exchange.

  • Reef Finance ($REEF): The All-In-One Defi Platform

    Reef Finance ($REEF): The All-In-One Defi Platform

    In the last months, we have witnessed the crypto space and blockchain industry go beyond the norm. With more decentralized finance (DeFi) projects than ever, it is clear that the next target should be greater adoption. However, the complexity of dealing with multiple (d)Apps interfaces in order to access a wide array of services, inevitably narrows down the number of participants. Reef Finance is built to change that.

    The way Reef Finance works is by reuniting all blockchain services together in a single, unified interface. This makes the whole DeFi user experience seamless and convenient. In just a single dApp, anyone can buy crypto, perform trades, stake assets, take loans, farm, manage their portfolio and more without any fuss.

    Tackling Defi’s Fragmentation

    What Denko Mancheski, CEO of Reef Finance, and his team had in mind when they started working on the project, was to solve an inherent complexity. Mancheski believes that, while there have already been many useful innovations in crypto recently, mass adoption is still difficult to achieve. The reason he points out is the psychological barrier that dampens the DeFi communities’ growth. True enough, the DeFi space today seems very fragmented. There are features existing in a particular application that are unavailable in another, and there are contract functions that would complement each other, but only exist on separate platforms.

    The space offers promising products, but they are too overwhelming to spur adoption, especially for beginners. This is why Reef Finance’s goal has been, according to Mancheski, to “abstract away complexities” and try to “onboard a simple non-tech savvy user.”

    What is Reef Finance?

    Reef Finance (“Reef”) is a non-custodial multi-chain smart yield engine and liquidity aggregator. Powered by Polkadot, it enables cross-chain integrations across various DeFi protocols.

    Essentially, it makes Decentralized Finance much easier to access, with the ability to diversify a portfolio in a single click. It functions as a one-stop-shop for DeFi projects that users can access without having to switch from different applications, one after another. Within its interface users can access different exchanges and, through the help of smart contracts, Reef combines the liquidity of these markets. Furthermore, trading can be easily done on the platform. 

    Reef Finance is the first Polkadot project ever launched on Binance Launchpool. The farming started on December the 23rd and will continue for 30 days. The platform will be beginner-friendly and will launch in Q1 2021, while the protocol has recently been audited by Halborn.

    Why Polkadot?

    Reef’s deployment on the Polkadot ecosystem will benefit users in terms of transaction costs and speed. As it is well known to many, the ‘traffic’ on the Ethereum’s network has often resulted in skyrocketing fees and long transaction times. This will continue at least until Ethereum 2.0 is fully deployed, which isn’t likely to happen for a while. 

    Polkadot, on the other hand, doesn’t suffer from the same issues. Parachains’ independence on the network prevents network congestion. It also powers Reef’s cross-chain functionality through the ‘Bridge’ protocol. By implementing this blockchain innovation, Reef can rely on products and services from different networks into a single interface.

    The Reef platform is made of three major components that complement each other.

    Global Liquidity Aggregator

    Reef offers a simil-exchange service linked to some of the biggest trading platforms in the space. The uniqueness here is that the aggregated liquidity goes through CEXs and DEXs. In this way, users can hedge the downsides of the two types of liquidity sources, among which trading fees and high slippage.

    Reef can access all the liquidity combined of CEXs and DEXs
    Reef can access all the liquidity combined of CEXs and DEXs

    The centralized exchange liquidity will be accessed through the use of brokerage services, such as Tagomi, Caspian or Quantreq. Conversely, decentralized liquidity will come from sources like on-chain order-books (0x) and AMMs (Uniswap, Balancer, Bancor….). Reef’s liquidity aggregation will also assist in protecting users from market manipulation and front-running attacks.

    All of this will make trading on Reef not only easy and affordable, but also diverse.

    Smart Yield Farming Aggregator

    Reef Yield Engine enables staking in multiple asset baskets which can be automated through the help of an AI that users can configure based on their financial needs. Users can decide how much to allocate to each basket and the operating system will dynamically rebalance and adjust them, moving portions of the allocations to other more convenient assets/pools.

    The purpose of the ‘Reef Intelligence Engine’ is to enable the AI to manage assets on user’s behalf. This helps automate the nitty-gritty of trading and staking for Reef’s newcomers. Planning a profitable allocation of assets according to each trader’s risk level has never been much easier in Defi. The engine is machine learning-powered, enabling its growth over time.

    Since the AI is data-driven, the information it holds is fed by an off-chain oracle (they have a partnership with Chainlink also). The oracle supplies data to proxy smart contracts that serve as the AI’s backbone. It monitors every pertinent information concerning services offered on the platform, whether they are social media data, latest news, or on-chain data.

    Reef also integrates with some Defi insurance protocols to provide coverages for its users.

    Smart Asset Management

    The third founding element of the platform is its asset management option. Users can seamlessly rebalance their allocations between their baskets through an easy UI accessible from mobile devices or computers. The AI engine will also make intelligent recommendations to help with taking decisions.

    The $REEF Token

    $REEF is the native, utility token of the Reef platform. It is mainly used to pay for transaction fees as well as support the protocol rewards structure.

    An important role for the platform is that of Network Collators. They assure that the network is healthy by keeping a copy of the full state of Parachains at a given time. They are similar to miners producing blocks, supporting the Polkadot blockchain. The Collators receive $REEF tokens as a reward for all basic operations such as processing transactions, deploying smart contracts, submitting a proposal and more.

    Staking and Governance

    Reef Protocol utilizes Polkadot’s Proof of Stake base consensus mechanism and it’s governed through a DAO structure. By holding and staking $REEF tokens, users can take part in important protocol decisions concerning the structure of the asset baskets, reserve limits, yield rewards, liquidity pools, and others.

    Stakers have the freedom to choose how they want to receive their rewards, whether in ETH/USDC or $REEF. Opting for the native token will lead to better rates.

    New Partnerships and roadmap

    Even though Reef Finance launched in late September, its development has been in progress for long. The project secured over 20 partnerships in 2020 and more are coming this year. Among them, important were those with Matic, Kava, Covalent, Bluzelle and Chainlink. Reef’s integration with Binance Access Api will also allow a FIAT ramp for cryptocurrency purchases along with a decentralized trading opportunity within their platform.

    In January, they secured a new partnership with OpenDefi, a platform that allows the tokenization of insured and physically backed real-world assets, held by custodians. Users can stake to receive instant loans against their assets and enjoy yield opportunities. More on the partnerships and on OpenDefi can be found here and here.

    Another notable collaboration is the one with Manta Network, a cross-chain privacy devoted Defi platform and price-stable Dex. Reef users will be able to access the liquidity offered by Manta Network Dex, reinforcing the core aspect of Reef Finance: liquidity aggregation.

    On January the 20th a two-week “zero gas fee” initiative started on OpenOcean, a trading platform, which has given traders the opportunity to receive a refund for all the fees spent while trading $REEF. The offer was limited to a total of 40,000 $REEF.

    The official Roadmap is constantly updated and more information on future news can be found on Reef Finance’s Medium page. This project is definitely one of the most anticipated and rumored in 2021!

    Conclusion

    DeFi innovation has to attract a lot more people to keep creating a vibrant and supportive community. After all, it is adoption that helps sustaining all these blockchain developments in the long run. Simplifying access to multiple DeFi products and creating a unified platform is exactly what the space needs today.

    Reef Finance’s target to abstract (?) DeFi looks promising. Not only do they make it easier for users to tap into other exchanges, but the platform also introduced AI technology to make it convenient for traders to manage their assets. The project may be young, but it has the tools users need to efficiently and profitably take control of their funds.

    Our interview with Denko Mancheski, CEO of Reef Finance

    Decentralised Finance (DeFi) series: tutorials, guides and more

    With content for both beginners and more advanced users, check out our YouTube DeFi series containing tutorials on the ESSENTIAL TOOLS you need for trading in the DeFi space e.g. MetaMask and Uniswap. As well as a deep dive into popular DeFi topics such as decentralized exchanges, borrowing-lending platforms and NFT marketplaces

    The DeFi series on this website also covers topics not explored on YouTube. For an introduction on what is DeFi, check out Decentralized Finance (DeFi) Overview: A guide to the HOTTEST trend in cryptocurrency

    Tutorials and guides for the ESSENTIAL DEFI TOOLS:

    More videos and articles are coming soon as part of our DeFi series, so be sure to SUBSCRIBE to our Youtube channel so you can be notified as soon as they come out!

    Disclaimer: Cryptocurrency trading involves significant risks and may result in the loss of your capital. You should carefully consider whether trading cryptocurrencies is right for you in light of your financial condition and ability to bear financial risks. Cryptocurrency prices are highly volatile and can fluctuate widely in a short period of time. As such, trading cryptocurrencies may not be suitable for everyone. Additionally, storing cryptocurrencies on a centralized exchange carries inherent risks, including the potential for loss due to hacking, exchange collapse, or other security breaches. We strongly advise that you seek independent professional advice before engaging in any cryptocurrency trading activities and carefully consider the security measures in place when choosing or storing your cryptocurrencies on a cryptocurrency exchange.

  • Public Mint ($MINT): can they bridge fiat and cryptocurrency?

    Public Mint ($MINT): can they bridge fiat and cryptocurrency?

    Public Mint seeks to solve transaction complexity by bridging the blockchain and the financial world of fiat. According to Public Mint adoption has always been the concern of the cryptocurrency community. And while tokens are becoming increasingly popular, the number of new entrants in the space today is still not enough to spur massive acceptance of crypto-assets in retail stores.

    Background

    Public Mint was launched in March 2020, following two years of research and development. It was created to make banks capable of holding funds that could later be tokenized on the blockchain. Today, it has been mainly implemented to ease the experience of using fiat currencies in performing blockchain-based transactions.

    Ever since the launch of the platform, it has already partnered with more than 200 banks that hold the fiat used to collateralize its tokens. Some of its prominent supporters are IBM Digital Asset Labs and Hyperledger.

    What is Public Mint?

    Public Mint is a decentralized, payment platform that aims to bridge the blockchain and fiat currencies. It offers tokenized fiat which is fully-collateralized and regulatory compliant. To secure the funds held in the platform’s accounts, they are also insured with the FDIC.

    Public Mint can be used to open blockchain-based fiat accounts to conduct money transfers worldwide without the need for any third-party facilitator. And because the platform was designed to be decentralized, it will not have control over the ownership and management of its user funds.

    The acceptance of payments via credit card, ACH, or wire transfer, are all made possible with the Public Mint platform as well. This makes it easier for anyone to perform transactions on the blockchain without having to exchange their fiat to crypto.

    Public Mint’s Open platform is designed to support these functions and make it easy for anyone to tokenize any fiat in the network. Tokenizing through the platform simply means that you will be able to make a token counterpart of your local currency on the blockchain.

    Features of Public Mint

    Fiat-Native Blockchain

    The platform supports the use of fiat in asset transfers and payments for network fees. Thanks to this feature, users do not need to purchase another digital asset just to be able to initiate transactions on the network.

    Simplified Key Storage

    It is easy for any user to store their private keys. The platform furnishes users with their own keys, which they can store in any cloud provider. Through this, the user has full control over his own funds without dealing with centralization problems like censorship.

    Direct Fiat Access

    Public Mint has a bank-to-chain feature that allows users to directly fund their wallets from various sources. At the same time, it also has a chain-to-bank feature that lets users directly withdraw their funds to their bank just using their wallet.

    The platform also supports USDC, making it easier for any crypto user to interact with other blockchain platforms.

    Public Mint wallet
    Pay others from your public mint wallet

    Multi-custodial

    There are multiple custodians on the platform. They are composed of banks and other regulated financial institutions. Their purpose is to hold funds while the multi-custodial structure of the network ensures that there will be no single point of failure in the system.

    Public Mint supported merchants
    Public Mint supports several major payment merchants

    Instant Transaction Settlement

    Transactions made on Public Mint can be settled in as fast as 3-5 seconds because the network offers finality with just one confirmation.

    Ethereum-Compatible

    The network is compatible with Ethereum, which means that any developer can build on the platform and improve it. It can also support decentralized applications that are established on the Ethereum network.

    What is the difference between Public Mint’s tokenized fiat and stablecoins?

    Stablecoins like Tether (USDT), USD Coin (USDC), TrueUSD (TUSD), were only designed to support one fiat: the US Dollar. And to purchase them, there are times that you have to first buy another cryptocurrency trading pair. According to the team behind Public Mint, this process can be too complex for a newcomer and it also exposes them to the volatility of other digital assets.

    Public Mint has its own fiat-dedicated network. The platform supports a comprehensive ecosystem that is designed to support the direct use of fiat currencies to make blockchain-based payments. And unlike the usual stablecoin, Public Mint is designed to support the use of multiple fiat currencies on the platform

    Conclusion

    Public Mint is a strong competitor among stablecoin platforms. However, its strength lies in its ability to facilitate easy and real-time transactions. If its partnerships with banks prosper, it can support a global payment ecosystem that will not fully rely on a blockchain. This addresses the problem most stablecoins users face in terms of transaction time and costs.

    Moreover, it can be a less volatile medium of exchange since it is collateralized by fiat and not by other digital assets. If ever the platform gets hacked and its funds are stolen, users are secured by its FDIC-insurance. Looking at where Public Mint is today, its potential to be the go-to alternative from stablecoins is high.

    Disclaimer: Cryptocurrency trading involves significant risks and may result in the loss of your capital. You should carefully consider whether trading cryptocurrencies is right for you in light of your financial condition and ability to bear financial risks. Cryptocurrency prices are highly volatile and can fluctuate widely in a short period of time. As such, trading cryptocurrencies may not be suitable for everyone. Additionally, storing cryptocurrencies on a centralized exchange carries inherent risks, including the potential for loss due to hacking, exchange collapse, or other security breaches. We strongly advise that you seek independent professional advice before engaging in any cryptocurrency trading activities and carefully consider the security measures in place when choosing or storing your cryptocurrencies on a cryptocurrency exchange.

  • Ethernity Chain ($ERN): Authenticated NFTs for a good cause

    Ethernity Chain ($ERN): Authenticated NFTs for a good cause

    Ethernity Chain is a blockchain-based platform that deals with limited authenticated NFTs from top artists and with endorsements from popular figures in the sporting and entertainment scene.

    Although Bitcoin concentrated on hedging away from government-issued currencies, its blockchain technology opened a much bigger world of possibilities. For example, Ethereum tapped into the technology to build a decentralized computer and power decentralized applications (Dapps). Next came decentralized finance (DeFi). Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) then followed suit.

    However, most NFT projects concentrate on the broad digital artwork space. Consequently, they fail to address specific problems in any of the artwork subsections. This leaves room for platforms such as Ethernity Chain to take over. Below is a detailed overview of the platform and what it brings to the NFT ecosystem.


    Background

    Ethernity Chain is a community-focused project that banks on artworks from top artists and stars.  The project’s team is led by Nick Rose Ntertsas, the platform’s founder and chief executive officer.

    What is Ethernity Chain?

    Ethernity Chain deals with limited authenticated NFTs from top artists and with endorsements from popular figures in the sporting and entertainment scene.

    Its vision is to raise funds for charitable causes while at the same time keeping NFT creators motivated. The charity offerings ride on the project’s for-profit status that allows it to design services for more users compared to non-profit themed networks.

    Apart from charity, Ethernity Chain provides a crucial connection between non-fungible tokens and the wider DeFi industry. Consequently, it enables increased access to rare and collectible virtual artworks designed by reputable artists and features respected public figures. Notably, featured celebrities must approve the NFTs using a digital signature, known as aNFTs.

    What are aNFTs?

    aNFTs are authenticated non-fungible tokens- a unique creation of Ethernity Chain. These aNFTs are authenticated by the creator so that purchasers or traders know it is officially endorsed by them.

    Users can buy these aNFTs using Ethernity Chain’s native token, known as ERN. ERN can be purchased on the market or earned when users LP stake and earn ERN and use these rewards to purchase aNFTs.

    Pelé charity aNFT collection

    Ethernity Chain has recently released the officially licensed collection from renowned football legend Pelé. The collection will comprise authenticated non-fungible tokens (aNFTs), of which 3-6 pieces will drop on the Ethernity Chain platform on 2 May 2021.

    90% of the proceeds from the sale will go towards the Pelé Foundation, a charity that empowers and educates children battling poverty around the world.

    Major Ethereum Chain Products

    Ethernity Packs

    Here, NFTs have a community focus and employ a lottery model. Notably, these packs have a minimum and maximum price of $50 and $300, depending on rarity. The Ethernity Chain team curates all the collectibles in this category.

    To awaken collectors’ taste buds, the team hides rare NFTs inside random packs, and collectors won’t know what’s inside before purchase. Also, the packs are available at different times on the network. Interacting with this product requires the platform’s native asset, ERN. Note that Ethernity Packs have a connection to STONES.

    STONES

    STONES is a product earned through staking the native token. In other words, it’s a farm-only offering. The farming process involves interfacing your MetaMask wallet with Ethernity Chain using the Ethernity.io platform.

    Note that one ERN coin gives its holder 1000 STONES when locked in the farming contract for one day. Unfortunately, STONES are indivisible. As such, if you unlock your ERN tokens before the completion of the staking cycle, you end up with no rewards.

    Additionally, STONES cannot be transferred from the farming contract, have no monetary bearing, and can’t be swapped with ERN or Ethereum (ETH). This leaves them exclusively for exchanging with a select number of NFTs on the protocol.

    March 24, 2021, marks the first STONES farming spree, with the second slated for the end of April the same year.

    Ethernity Chain ($ERN) Staking and Rewards

    Ethernity Chain runs a staking program for liquidity providers. However, the rewards go to those who choose to interact with the ERN/ETH pair on Uniswap. Staking has a lockup period of 30 days, after which the pool is restarted. The annual percentage yield (APY) for staking fluctuates between 100 and 300% and has a monthly payment plan.

    How the ERN staking process works

    1. First, deposit tokens in Uniswap’s V2 ERN/ETH pair.
    2. In return, the decentralized exchange (DEX) issues LP tokens equivalent to your stake in the pool.
    3. Next, access the staking option on Ethernity and connect your wallet address that holds the assigned LP tokens. Then, approve and lock the tokens into the staking contract known as the Liquidity Reward Program.
    4. Note that Ethernity Chain ties the unstaking event with claiming ERN. As such, unstaking automatically claims the native asset.
    5. Staking rewards are calculated by dividing the amount of LP tokens a staker has in the contract with the total amount of LP tokens padlocked in the staking contract.

    Ethernity Chain ($ERN) Tokenomics

    The total ERN supply is 30 million tokens. Token distribution includes to team/advisors (20%), partnerships (8%), expansion (6%), staking/rewards (12%), and reserves (15%). Also, there’s a 30.6% allocation to private price sale, 3.33% to a public initial digital offering (IDO), and 5% to liquidity.

    However, some of the allocations have different freeze and unlock times. For example, the private sale has a two-month vesting period, while distribution to partnerships has 14 months vesting time.

    Ethernity Chain Strategic Partnerships and Investments

    Ethernity has its eyes set on interacting with the larger cryptocurrency industry. As such, it has inked notable partnerships with major firms building different products. For example, the protocol partnered with Kenetic, a reputable global blockchain-focused firm working to drive the adoption of decentralized protocols by offering investments, technology, tech, and advisory services. Kenetic’s managing partner, Jehan Chu, believes “NFTs are the true missing link between online and offline objects.”

    They have also partnered with Chainlink by integrating Chainlink’s oracle solution to secure the minting and pricing of aNFTs.

    Another notable partnership is with Terra Virtua, an inter-blockchain NFT protocol. Terra Virtua, through its Terra Virtua Kolect platform, provides a tailor-made marketplace for NFT collectors and creators on the web, mobile, and PC environments.

    Conclusion

    With a growing NFT ecosystem, Ethernity Chain provides a specific solution to the sector. For example, its focus on authenticated digital artworks gives collectors assurance of rarity, among other things.

    Notably, the works are authenticated by globally renowned individuals such as Tony Hawk, a skateboarding legend, and Fernando Tatis Jr., a high-profile baseball player. Also, partnering with major firms like Terra Virtua and Kenetic boosts its vision in the future of the non-fungible industry. (https://www.smallhandsbigart.com/)

    Also, other hidden gems inside Ethernity Chain Packs keep the collector’s hope alive. STONES add fun to the NFT farming while staking allows liquidity providers to earn rewards.

    Disclaimer: Cryptocurrency trading involves significant risks and may result in the loss of your capital. You should carefully consider whether trading cryptocurrencies is right for you in light of your financial condition and ability to bear financial risks. Cryptocurrency prices are highly volatile and can fluctuate widely in a short period of time. As such, trading cryptocurrencies may not be suitable for everyone. Additionally, storing cryptocurrencies on a centralized exchange carries inherent risks, including the potential for loss due to hacking, exchange collapse, or other security breaches. We strongly advise that you seek independent professional advice before engaging in any cryptocurrency trading activities and carefully consider the security measures in place when choosing or storing your cryptocurrencies on a cryptocurrency exchange.

  • Risk Management Strategies in Crypto Derivatives Trading

    Risk Management Strategies in Crypto Derivatives Trading

    What is Derivatives Trading?

    A derivative is a contract based on an underlying financial asset such as a stock, bond, or currency. The value of the underlying asset is subject to changes according to market conditions. 

    Traders can use derivatives to earn profits by speculating future price movements of the underlying asset, a strategy becoming increasingly popular among cryptocurrency traders.

    Why the Need for Risk Management?

    The cryptocurrency market is volatile and speculative.

    Everyone will take losses, including the most experienced professional traders. That is the name of the game. 

    Without risk management, a trader could deplete their budget and the game is over. The most important goal is to stay in the game. By analyzing platforms like Online Casinos Schweiz, traders can gain insights into managing their funds wisely. As long as the trader is still playing, they can make up for losses. 

    For that reason, it’s important to know when to take losses, how to manage risk, and generally aim to make more good trades than bad ones. 

    Important Things to Consider Before Trading 

    First, a trader should determine their total budget. 

    It does not matter if it is $100 or $100,000,000. The essential point is to have a given budget freely available. Traders should not use loaned money, which has to be paid back at a deadline. Using retirement money is not encouraged either. 

    A trader’s budget should be considered as “play money”. If a trader is emotionally attached to that money, these emotions can affect their trading decisions. A trader should aim to be a calm and collected statistician, not a passionate and desperate gambler.

    Once a budget has been allocated, the next step is to look for a trade. There are tools available to find trades such as fundamental, sentiment, and technical analysis. But before entering a trade, a trader should determine the risk size, entry price, and stop loss.

    The general rule of thumb for new traders is to risk at most 1% of the budget per trade. 

    The entry price might be the current market price or the limit set for an order.

    Finally, it is essential to decide a stop loss before one enters a trade. How can a trader pick a stop loss? Technical analysis is the only available method, apart from randomly picking something. A trader can look at support and resistance levels, or trendlines.

    These are the four ingredients for risk management: Budget, risk size, entry price, and stop loss. Having these ingredients will make it easier to manage risks when trading.

    Transaction or Trade Volume

    The volume of a transaction or trade is also known as “position size”. The position size is defined in relation to a trader’s risk tolerance and the size of their budget. 

    What are some risk management formulas that traders can use to determine their position size?

    Here is one example:

    Position Size = (Risk x Budget) / (Entry Price – Stop Loss)

    Let’s say the trader has a budget of $10,000 and wants to buy Bitcoin for $30,000 with a stop loss at $29,500 and a risk of 1%.

    Their position size would be (1% x $10,000) / ($30,000 – $29,500) = $100 / $500 = 0.2. They can buy 0.2 Bitcoin for this trade to stay within their risk tolerance and budget.

    Some consider it advisable to make this calculation before every single trade. It can be tempting to take larger risks. (Zolpidem) However, this can be a recipe for disaster given the volatile crypto markets. 

    It’s always safer to stick to the math and be the calm statistician. 

    A trader can make a spreadsheet, where they can enter the parameters and it computes the position size or risk for them. This way it only takes a few seconds per trade and a trader can easily manage risks with every trade.

    Stop Loss Orders

    Stop loss (or just “stop”) is an order that traders can set to automatically close losing trades. It is the primary tool for risk management because traders can manage trades effectively during abrupt and unexpected market changes. 

    For instance, if there was some reported hacking, it could prompt a large price movement for the asset. If a trader has open trades and they happen to be in the opposite direction of the market movement, then they could be in danger of losing all their invested funds. A stop loss to sell will automatically prevent that from happening, which is why traders should always place a sell stop to avoid considerable losses.

    Traders can also use a buy stop to buy when a target price is hit. A buy stop can be useful for automatically buying into target entry points.

    Stick to the Trading Strategy

    A trading strategy is only effective when a trader sticks with it, in sickness and in wealth. 

    Trading is a matter of getting the law of averages to work in one’s favour, so maintaining discipline is vital for consistent and profitable trading. 

    That being said, a trader’s strategy should be developed to fit their own goals, risk tolerance, and lifestyle. It should be based on reality, not on hope. 

    If a trader tries to copy someone else’s trading strategy without truly understanding it, chances are they will be incompatible with the strategy and will have trouble following it.

    At the end of the day, each trader is accountable for their own trade decisions and therefore must be cautious when deciding on a trading strategy and seeking market opportunities. 

    Avoid Emotional Trading

    There are two main emotions that will try to sway a trader from their strategy: fear and greed. These emotions are the culprits behind FOMO.

    FOMO – the fear of missing out – is when a trader is afraid of missing out on a huge trading opportunity in the market. When FOMO happens, traders are susceptible to abandoning their strategy to chase the trading opportunity. 

    Greed can cause a trader to buy when prices are high because they are afraid of missing out on future gains, and fear can cause a trader to sell when prices are low because they are afraid of losing too much.

    Fear and greed are amplified when a trading decision is based on hype rather than research and calculated strategy.

    Understanding one’s emotions and keeping them under control will help traders avoid taking uncalculated risks caused by FOMO, and other emotional trading mistakes such as revenge trading.

    Revenge trading happens when a trader tries to force a trade to recover from a loss. It’s driven by anger suffered from the loss and lust to make it all back quickly. This type of trading can easily cause a trader to invest more than they can afford to lose.

    When a trader is overexposed in an asset, they aren’t trading or investing, they are gambling. When one gambles in general, things start going wrong, both logistically and psychologically.

    Final Words: Risk, Reward, and Statistics

    General wisdom says that it is best to invest and trade using small amounts of the total capital set aside for cryptocurrency.

    That wisdom is rooted in two general concepts: 

    1. Risk / Reward
    2. Statistics

    Statistically, the larger the bid size, the more potential risk / potential reward per position. 

    Reward is nice, but to ensure rewards over time it is vital to limit risk.

    The reality is that the risk of large bid sizes (relative to the total budget) outweigh the potential rewards statistically, over time, on average.

    Consider a budget of $100. Now consider using that entire budget and losing 50% twice in a row, as opposed to using half the budget and doubling it twice. One leaves you with $25 and the other gets you to $225.

    If $100 turns into $25, getting back to $100 will be a real challenge.

    But if 5% of $100 is risked, that’s a total of $5. Even if lost, getting back to $100 from $95 is much easier. Sure, it will take more time to get to $225 using smaller bets, but statistically there will be many more opportunities to make gains and avoid losses.

    There will be more room for skill, and less reliance on luck. Remember that anyone can get lucky, but luck can and usually will run out. Statistics are usually a safer bet.

    Sources:
    https://phemex.com/blogs/risk-management-in-cryptocurrency-derivatives-trading
    https://www.coininsider.com/risk-management-in-crypto-trading/
    https://learn.bybit.com/trading/crypto-trading-risk-management/
    https://www.axi.com/int/blog/education/5-effective-ways-to-fight-revenge-trading#:~:text=Step%20back%20temporarily&text=Take%20a%20day%20off%20or,consider%20revising%20your%20trading%20plan
    https://cryptocurrencyfacts.com/the-basics-of-risk-management-and-position-sizing-in-cryptocurrency

    Disclaimer: Cryptocurrency trading involves significant risks and may result in the loss of your capital. You should carefully consider whether trading cryptocurrencies is right for you in light of your financial condition and ability to bear financial risks. Cryptocurrency prices are highly volatile and can fluctuate widely in a short period of time. As such, trading cryptocurrencies may not be suitable for everyone. Additionally, storing cryptocurrencies on a centralized exchange carries inherent risks, including the potential for loss due to hacking, exchange collapse, or other security breaches. We strongly advise that you seek independent professional advice before engaging in any cryptocurrency trading activities and carefully consider the security measures in place when choosing or storing your cryptocurrencies on a cryptocurrency exchange.

  • Gemini Exchange Review (2023): Easy to Use and Strong Security

    Gemini Exchange Review (2023): Easy to Use and Strong Security

    Gemini is a leading regulated cryptocurrency exchange founded by the Winklevoss twins in 2014, offering a secure platform to trade over 20 digital assets, including Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, and more. The following topics will be covered in this review of one of the most reputable cryptocurrency exchanges: what the Gemini crypto exchange is, a brief history, benefits and drawbacks of the platform, supported digital currencies, and all you need to know about the Gemini fees.

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    What is Gemini?

    Gemini is a leading cryptocurrency exchange founded by twin brothers Cameron and Tyler Winklevoss in 2014. It is one of the biggest regulated crypto exchanges, operating in six continents and providing a user-friendly platform. Gemini is known for its security, with no publicly known large-scale hacks. It offers a wide range of services, including buying and selling of cryptocurrencies, trading, and custodial services. Gemini also provides a secure wallet for storing digital assets, as well as a mobile app for trading on the go. With its commitment to security and customer service, Gemini is a great choice for those looking to buy, sell, and trade cryptocurrencies.

    The Winklevoss twins rose to fame in 2004 after they sued Mark Zuckerberg over Facebook. Tyler and Cameron received $65 million in damages for their claim that Zuckerberg stole their idea for the popular social network. The pair famously invested $11 million into Bitcoin in April 2013, when each coin was worth just $120. Today, their investment is valued at well over $1 billion! Gemini, the cryptocurrency exchange founded by the Winklevoss twins, is based in New York and is quickly becoming one of the most respected exchanges in the digital currency space. It was also the world’s first licensed Ether exchange in 2016. Gemini is a secure and reliable platform for trading digital assets, offering users a safe and easy way to buy, sell, and store cryptocurrencies.

    Key Features of Gemini

    Top cryptocurrency exchange Gemini was created with security in mind. The exchange’s unique features include:

    Fiat to cryptocurrency onramp for both beginner and seasoned traders: Gemini has advanced trading options for professionals but is also easy enough for new users and regular traders to use.

    OTC desk and custody at Gemini: Taking use of Gemini’s markets and security infrastructure may be desirable for institutional investors.

    Free withdrawals and deposits: Gemini is perfect for retail traders because it does not charge extra fees for deposits or withdrawals of either cryptocurrency or fiat currency unless you go over designated transaction thresholds.

    Outstanding customer service: At non-busy times, you will receive a response to your question in less than two hours.

    Key Advantages of Gemini

    Here are some key advantages of Gemini:

    Strong security

    Gemini is a New York State Trust Company and regulated cryptocurrency exchange and custodian that puts security first. With institutional-grade technology and protocols, the majority of assets are held in its offline cold storage system and only a small portion is held in its online hot wallet. Gemini takes important steps to help ensure its customers’ data and funds remain secure, including maintaining sensitive data such as Personally Identifiable Information (PII), banking/financial information, and other data that may directly or indirectly identify customers. Gemini is committed to protecting customers’ assets and data to ensure their security.

    Gemini is a secure cryptocurrency exchange that implements field-level encryption for sensitive data in its databases, as well as encryption in transit between all production systems. It has a data classification framework to assign risk ratings to all data, and strict physical security controls to protect assets, data, and personnel. Access to systems and customer data is granted based on the employee’s role and job duties, and Gemini was the first platform to obtain insurance on its online “hot” wallet, providing USD 200 million of protection for digital assets in Gemini Custody.

    Usability and Design

    Gemini is a secure and reliable crypto exchange and custodial service provider, ideal for both beginners and experienced investors. It offers a user-friendly experience, a convenient mobile app, an advanced platform for traders, and interoperability between different products. Gemini’s Exchange and Custody services are perfect for those less crypto-savvy, while institutional investors can take advantage of the Custody and Gemini Clearance OTC platform. Professional traders can make the most of Gemini’s Active Trader and API tools. Gemini is a great choice for those looking for a secure and reliable crypto exchange and custodial service.

    Customer Support

    Gemini offers comprehensive customer support for users dealing with issues. Customers can submit a ticket request through a form using their email address, write to Customer Support at their address, call Customer Support at +1 (866) 240-5113 (toll-free in the USA), or direct message @GeminiSupport on Twitter. Gemini takes customer support seriously and users can expect a response within a few hours.

    Supported Countries

    Gemini is a United States-based exchange available in more than 50 countries worldwide, including North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Oceania, and Africa. To sign up for a Gemini account, customers must provide their full legal name, date of birth, address, phone number, social security number, and email. Additional documentation is required for full verification and to withdraw from the exchange, such as a valid passport, driver’s license, and/or national identity card. Canadian residents must provide a valid passport, driver’s license, and social insurance number.

    Key Disadvantages of Gemini

    Fees

    Gemini Exchange has a complex fee structure for different products, including API fees, mobile fees, web fees, custody fees, ActiveTrader fees, and transfer fees. All orders placed via Gemini’s website and mobile phone application incur a convenience fee of 0.5% and a transaction fee based on the order amount in the account currency. API fees are based on the number of API calls made, while mobile fees are based on the order amount. Web fees are based on the order size and type, while custody fees are based on the number of assets held in custody. ActiveTrader fees are based on the order size and type, while transfer fees are based on the amount and type of transfer.

    Gemini is a regulated cryptocurrency exchange that is more expensive than other exchanges for retail traders. However, it is still cheaper than Coinbase. If you are looking for an exchange with low volume transaction fees, you may want to consider BitFlyer, Kraken, Bittrex, Bitstamp, and Coinbase Pro, which charge from 0.16% to 0.5% per order without any additional trading fees. Gemini is a secure and reliable exchange, but if you are looking for a more cost-effective option, there are other exchanges available.

    Gemini offers traders the option of trading via its ActiveTrader platform or API. All orders placed via either of these methods are subject to the same 30-day trading volume adjusted maker-taker fee model. This model is designed to reward traders who provide liquidity to the market by offering lower fees for maker orders, while taker orders incur higher fees. This fee model is designed to encourage market liquidity and provide traders with a competitive edge. With its competitive fees and advanced trading features, Gemini is an attractive option for traders looking to take advantage of the latest trading technology.

    Which Coins Can You Buy at Gemini?

    Gemini is a highly trusted and institutional-friendly exchange that only supports Bitcoin and Ethereum. This is because these two cryptocurrencies have been around long enough to prove themselves, and Gemini wants to maintain its reputation as a reliable platform. By only offering these two assets, Gemini can ensure that it won’t have to delist any assets, which would make the exchange appear less sophisticated and mature. Gemini is committed to providing a secure and reliable trading experience for its users.

    Which Deposit Methods are Accepted at Gemini?

    Gemini is a digital asset exchange that allows users to buy, sell, and store digital assets such as Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Litecoin (LTC), Bitcoin Cash (BCH), Basic Attention Token (BAT), and Chainlink (LINK). It also accepts deposits in USD via ACH (automated clearing house) in the US and wire transfers elsewhere, as well as deposits in Bitcoin and Ether. Gemini is a secure and regulated platform that provides users with a safe and easy way to buy, sell, and store digital assets. With its advanced security measures, Gemini ensures that users’ funds are safe and secure.

    Account Verification

    Verifying your personal account is quick and easy with our simple step-by-step process.

    • First, visit Gemini.com.
    • Click “register” at the top of the page.
    • Fill out the details on the following page. Your entire name, email address, and password will be included in this. Read the “user agreement” and the “privacy policy” after you’ve finished.
    • Please select the box to the right of the “create my account” link if you agree to the conditions of these documents. Following that, click the “create my account” link.
    • On the following page, enter your phone number. It’s crucial to enter the proper number because this will be used for verification. To verify that the number is actually yours, a code will be issued to your phone. This must be typed into the appropriate field.
    • Connecting your bank account to your Gemini exchange account is the next step. In the future, this will make adding US cash to your account much quicker. Simply provide the information requested when asked.
    • Upon the addition of your bank account, you must confirm your identification. In order to do this, you must provide numerous types of documentation. Although it is customary for “know your customer” and compliance checks, some prospective customers may be discouraged from enrolling as a result.
    • Gemini requires new users to provide both a photo ID and a proof of address, as seen in the screenshot above. They are very particular about the types of photo identification they will accept; just a passport will do! They do, however, accept a few alternative kinds of address proof.
    • Your account will be fully verified in one to three days. While you wait, you will have access to some features. They consist of trading between the various pairs and making bitcoin deposits. But, until the account is validated, fiat withdrawals and deposits are not permitted.

    Who Should Use Gemini?

    Gemini is a secure and reliable cryptocurrency exchange, ideal for professional traders and those exchanging large amounts of fiat currency for either Bitcoin or Ether. It offers enhanced security features to protect both fiat and digital currency accounts, as well as a sliding scale of fees that favors those who make lots of trades. Gemini is a great choice for those who value security and want to make lots of trades daily.

    Gemini is a great place for beginner traders, adopters, or investors to start their journey into cryptocurrency. It offers a secure platform to buy, sell, and transact in Bitcoin and Ethereum. However, those looking for exposure to a wider range of digital assets may be better off using a different exchange such as Kucoin. Beginner investors who want to take up a decent position in either Bitcoin or Ethereum and demand the highest level of security should consider using Gemini.

    Conclusion

    Gemini is a secure and trusted cryptocurrency exchange that offers high-level security and is suitable for different kinds of investors and traders. It is not ideal for those wanting to switch in and out of various cryptocurrencies but is great for large volume and one-off buys. Gemini is supported by the likes of the Chicago Board Options Exchange for their Bitcoin futures financial product. It is important to remember that it is still not a good idea to leave your cryptocurrency on an exchange platform, even though most of Gemini’s BTC and ETH are kept offline. Other reliable exchanges, such as Binance, Kucoin and Kraken, offer more fiat currencies and more flexible platforms.

    Disclaimer: Cryptocurrency trading involves significant risks and may result in the loss of your capital. You should carefully consider whether trading cryptocurrencies is right for you in light of your financial condition and ability to bear financial risks. Cryptocurrency prices are highly volatile and can fluctuate widely in a short period of time. As such, trading cryptocurrencies may not be suitable for everyone. Additionally, storing cryptocurrencies on a centralized exchange carries inherent risks, including the potential for loss due to hacking, exchange collapse, or other security breaches. We strongly advise that you seek independent professional advice before engaging in any cryptocurrency trading activities and carefully consider the security measures in place when choosing or storing your cryptocurrencies on a cryptocurrency exchange. (https://comcapllc.com)

  • Algorand (ALGO) Explained

    Algorand (ALGO) Explained

    What is Algorand?

    Algorand is a high-performance next-generation blockchain whose goal is to create a transparent system in which everyone can achieve success through decentralized projects and applications. Many have called this project “Blockchain 3.0”, as it solves Bitcoin’s well-known scalability problems whilst maintaining security and decentralization. Algorand has the native token $ALGO, which will be used as a transfer of value on the network. In terms of technology backbone, Algorand uses a Pure Proof of Stake (PPOs) and pseudorandom functions to prevent malicious attackers from colluding on the network.

    Algorand stands out from other high-performance blockchains by the credibility of its founder, MIT professor Silvio Micali. Professor Micali has is the recipient of the prestigious Turing Award for computer science and many of his inventions have directly impacted the cryptocurrency scene.


    Founder of Algorand: Silvio Micali

    Silvio Micali is the recipient of the Turning award (the highest award from computer scientists) with innovations built around his research in cryptography, zero-knowledge, pseudorandom generation, secure protocols and mechanism design. On top of this, Dr. Micali is the co-inventor of probabilistic encryption, Zero-Knowledge Proofs, Verifiable Random Functions and many of the protocols that are the foundations of modern cryptography

    Algorand Foundation

    The Algorand Foundation makes use of the Algorand protocol and software developed by Silvio Micali and his team. Their aim is to create an ecosystem that everyone can use to build a borderless digital economy on Algorand.

    Specifically, the Algorand foundation holds one-quarter of the total supply of ALGO (i.e. 500 million ALGO), and manages the Algorand blockchain.

    Algorand attempts to overcome the Blockchain Trilemma

    Blockchain can only have a maximum of 2 of these properties
    Vitalik Buterin proposed that a Blockchain can only have a maximum of 2 of these properties

    Currently, transactions on the blockchain are very slow because of the “Blockchain Trilemma”. This is a term coined by Vitalik Buterin, the founder of Ethereum.

    According to this idea, a blockchain has three major features: decentralization, scalability and security.

    However, the Blockchain Trilemma proposes that it is very hard for a project to have all three features to a satisfactory condition. A network that is decentralized and has a tough security would not be scalable. Similarly, a blockchain that is decentralized and scalable will have little security etc.

    Buterin believes at a fundamental level, a blockchain network can only achieve two of the three features at any time. The Blockchain Trilemma could be the source of scalability issues on most cryptocurrency blockchains. Most cryptocurrency projects cannot handle high numbers of transactions while ensuring network decentralization and security.

    What is Algorand- Is it really a Next Generation blockchain?

    To attempt to overcome this, Algorand opted for a Pure Proof of Stake (Pure PoS) consensus mechanism. Interestingly, the mechanism employs a different approach compared to other alterations of the PoS mechanism.

    For instance, instead of requiring 100% consensus from all the validating parties, Algorand is comfortable with a two-thirds majority consensus. This means that in order to attack Algorand, you will need to purchase more than one third of the total supply of Algorand. This will anyway be uneconomical and holding such a large volume of the supply means that you have a large stake and would not want to see it fail.

    Algorand’s secret sauce: Cryptographic sortition

    Since today’s blockchain platforms require speed as an integral component, Algorand has a fast transaction time by enabling fast transaction finality through cryptographic sortition.  

    According to its website: 

    “All transactions are final in Algorand. Once a block appears, users can rely on the transactions it contains immediately, as they can be confident that the block will forever be part of the chain. Even if the Internet is split into multiple pools of users, only one safe and consistent Algorand chain will exist. [Additionally], Neither a few delegated users nor a fixed committee is responsible for proposing blocks in Algorand. Instead, all users are randomly, secretly, and continuously selected to participate in the Algorand consensus protocol.” 

    The process of confirming blocks on the platform involves two stages; the proposal and voting stage. During the proposal stage, a token is randomly selected, and its owner suggests the next block to be confirmed. At the voting stage, 1000 random token owners are selected to form a committee that approves the proposed block. 

    How to Stake Algorand?

    Anyone can participate in the Algorand platform as a block proposer by merely switching their address from offline to online on the Algoexplorer. Luckily, this option does not depend on the amount of Algo tokens staked. Mining is not required, all you need is to stake its ALGO token and have the nodes online.

    The Algorand platform supports two types of nodes; relay and participation. An important point to note is that the relay nodes don’t participate in voting or decision making. Instead, they facilitate communication between participation nodes. Relay nodes are also hardware intensive compared to participant nodes. 

    Although Algorand is designed around being fully decentralized, the Algorand Foundation holds a lot of ALGO tokens and hence control. However, the platform is anticipated to be more decentralized in coming months as the foundation continues to liquidate its position. 

    You can also stake Algorand using your Ledger cryptocurrency hardware wallet. Check out our Ledger Nano X review.

    Algorand 2.0 Protocol Upgrade

    On 22nd of November 2019, the Algorand foundation announced the next huge leap for Algorand – dubbed Algorand 2.0. This release brings about 3 major features: Native token issuance (Algorand Standard Asset), Atomic swaps for interoperability and smart contract support via the TEAL scripting language.

    Algorand Standard Asset (ASA) brings about easy token creation and issuance directly on the Algorand main chain. ASA supports a wide range of tokens, such as fungible tokens (similar to Ethereum’s ERC-20, and also non-fungible tokens (used for digital collectibles). Algorand’s implementation of tokenised assets is directly on the protocol layer (“Layer 1”), allowing for direct access to assets with maximum security. This is a significant advantage over Layer 2 Scaling which requires payment channels in order to operate.

    “Algorand is delivering that innovation with this new set of features that brings an impressive amount of opportunity to decentralized finance. 

    Shay Finkelstein (CTO of Securitize)

    Algorand listed on Coinbase, price surges over 30% in one day

    In a complete surprise to cryptocurrency enthusiasts, Algorand was listed on Coinbase on 17th July 2020. People found out only when they saw the announcement on Coinbase’s blog, whereby the Exchange said that their customers can now buy, sell, convert, send, receive or store $ALGO in all Coinbase supported regions. Be sure to check out our Coinbase exchange review and some hacks and tips to avoid Coinbase fees.

    People were completely caught off guard by this announcement since in the few weeks prior Coinbase had talked about 18 other cryptocurrencies they might consider listing. Yet Coinbase was not one of those 18 cryptocurrencies.

    This listing created a whole flurry of activity for $ALGO, especially in terms of its prices. Since the listing, prices for $ALGO shot up 30% since the announcement and was even trading at $0.367 at its peak.

    Algorand becomes the official blockchain platform of FIFA

    FIFA, the world football governing body has announced its partnership with Algorand. This sponsorship and technical partnership will see Algorand becoming the official blockchain platform for FIFA, providing blockchain-supported wallet solutions as well as helping FIFA develop its digital assets strategy.

    Algorand will also be a FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 Regional supporter in North America and Europe, and a FIFA Women’s World Cup Australia and New Zealand 2023 official sponsor.

    The future of ALGO token: Algorand’s 10-year plan

    When the Algorand blockchain was first launched, 10 billion ALGO was minted, which represents the fixed and unchangeable maximum supply of AGLO.

    Since then, only 16% of this total supply has been injected into circulation via an auction in June 2019 and subsequent community rewards. Auction proceeds have been used to finance various community, academic, and industry projects which ultimately support the development of economic infrastructure and business opportunities on the Algorand blockchain.

    After consideration by the Algoradnd team and based on their analysis and feedback received, the Algorand team have decided that the remainder of the initial 10 billion ALGO tokens would be gradually distributed over a period of 10 years from 2020, i.e. by 2030, the entire supply of ALGO would be distributed. This is much longer than the initial 4 years from 2020 as originally planned by the Algorand team.

    In order to implement Founder Silvio Micali’s vision of innovative community governance, the Algorand team are moving towards a new reward system that rewards existing and future participants who are committed to participating in the governance of the Algorand ecosystem and prove their loyalty by locking up their ALGO for the long term. Resources i.e. 3 billion ALGO will be correspondingly distributed to reward long-term holders, and economic and business activity on the Algorand blockchain. The aim of this is to achieve a rate of growth of chain loyalty and economic adoption which would be more than enough to compensate for the gradual release of tokens over 10 years.

    Furthermore, the funds initially allocated for sales will now be diverted to other areas such as community incentives, governance participation and ecosystem support.

    FAQ

    How do you mine Algorand?

    It is currently not possible to mine Algorand using computer hardware. Algorand uses a proof-of-stake consensus, so it is possible to earn ALGO rewards by simply staking Algorand in the wallet.

    Where is Algorand located?

    Algorand is a decentralized project founded by MIT professor Silvio Micali. The foundation responsible for maintaining Algorand, the Algorand Foundation is incorporated in Singapore and is located at 1 George Street, #10-01, One George Street, Singapore (049145).

    How do I buy an Algorand?

    You can Buy Algorand on popular exchanges such as Binance or Coinbase with the ticker $ALGO

    How do you stake algorand

    Algorand can be directly staked via the mobile wallet application which can be installed on both Android and iOS devices. To stake the coin, deposit ALGO directly into the wallet. The wallet will automatically accumulate ALGO over time.

    What is Algorand’s community governance?

    Algorand started its community governance program on 1st October 2020, it gives ALGO holders the power to make decisions regarding the direction and future of Algorand. People can participate in governance i.e. become Governors by committing their ALGO for the duration of the 90 day voting period and then voting on the proposals. After the 90-day voting period, participants can claim their governance rewards.

    Disclaimer: Cryptocurrency trading involves significant risks and may result in the loss of your capital. You should carefully consider whether trading cryptocurrencies is right for you in light of your financial condition and ability to bear financial risks. Cryptocurrency prices are highly volatile and can fluctuate widely in a short period of time. As such, trading cryptocurrencies may not be suitable for everyone. Additionally, storing cryptocurrencies on a centralized exchange carries inherent risks, including the potential for loss due to hacking, exchange collapse, or other security breaches. We strongly advise that you seek independent professional advice before engaging in any cryptocurrency trading activities and carefully consider the security measures in place when choosing or storing your cryptocurrencies on a cryptocurrency exchange.

  • Radix DLT ($XRD): Taking DeFi to the next level?

    Radix DLT ($XRD): Taking DeFi to the next level?

    Radix DLT is a layer 1 distributed system to power the needs of the decentralised finance (DeFi) ecosystem. As DeFi continued to gain traction, the top blockchain networks supporting the market were already overstretched. As it turns out, scalability appears to be a hard nut to crack and hence projects like Radix DLT are formed.

    The motivation behind the Radix protocol’s creation is to save the $71 billion lost every year caused by unnecessary friction in the conventional financial system and allow those at the lower and higher levels of finance to make ground by powering a strong DeFi ecosystem.

    Check out our video which explains the scaling problems currently faced by Ethereum, and how Radix attempts to solve it.

    Taking DeFi to the NEXT LEVEL ? – Radix DLT Protocol overview

    Background

    The Radix team believes that using distributed ledger technology (DLT) to build a permissionless network will ease the development and accessibility of innovative financial applications. With these applications, we could finally bring down the guarded walls of traditional financial markets.

    Radix team (Image credit: Radix DLT)

    The project was founded by Dan Hughes, who also happens to be its CTO. Hughes’s former work includes the design of T-Mobile’s first mobile internet platform.

    Other team members include the organization’s CEO, Piers Ridyard, as well as CPO, Albert Castellana. The project is being supported by the Radix Foundation.

    What is Radix DLT?

    The team behind Radix DLT defines the project as the “first layer 1 protocol specifically built to serve DeFi.” The protocol seeks to remove the inefficiencies found in open finance (OpFi) both in the current and future settings. Hughes and his team want to achieve this through:

    • Re-engineering the consensus mechanism used in popular blockchain systems.
    • Employing decentralized virtual machines.
    • Activating on-ledger code.
    • Building DeFi-bound components and applications.
    • Incentivizing developers who drive the growth of the new-found financial breakthrough.

    Having its developers at the core of driving growth for innovative financial products, Radix provides its support by building highly-secure smart contracts, fast and interoperable OpFi decentralized applications (dApps), engaging and rewarding a distributed developer community, and guarding DeFi composability when scaling dApps on public blockchains.

    Radix network

    The network is made up of Cerberus (a consensus mechanism), Radix Engine (a development environment), Radix Component Catalog, and developer royalties.

    Cerberus

    At the heart of the protocol is Cerberus, a re-engineered consensus mechanism which uses a sharded Byzantine fault-tolerant (BFT) solution. This approach enables the system to be parallelized across multiple nodes without losing message complexity and responsiveness.

    The sharding concepts allows unlimited network splits or shards. Each shard can represent anything on the platform. By allowing unlimited shards, Cerberus shifts focus from global ordering to partial ordering.

    With global ordering, transactions are stored in a predefined chronological order. Partial ordering, at a very basic level, is the opposite of agreed chronological ordering. However, partial ordering has to differentiate between related and unrelated events or transactions when recording them on the blockchain.

    Using a “braiding” mechanism, Cerberus uses a new BFT-style system to sign interactions between nodes handling different shards before committing transactions.

    Radix Engine

    This is Radix’s specialized application layer that powers the interaction between a smart contract’s code with the actual blockchain. The layer powers the project’s virtual machine (VM), which in turn, powers the partial ordering system.

    Furthermore, the Radix VM handles concurrency to drive DeFi applications further.

    Radix Component Catalog

    In other blockchain systems, a developer’s work becomes an active smart contract after being pushed to the system’s users. For Radix, the component catalog handles apps before being registered as “active” on the platform.

    Radix Network (Image credit: Radix Whitepaper)

    In other words, the catalog contains templates ready for use to create additional active components. The new template-based products are called instantiated components.

    Developer Royalties

    The Radix system uses developer royalties to encourage developers to contribute. However, the project takes a different approach by employing distributed self-incentives such as those found in proof-of-work systems called mining rewards.

    Radix Token ($XRD)

    The platform has a native token, XRD, which is used to pay for transaction fees. Note that these fees are paid to node runners.

    A transaction fee is charged for token creation, messaging, and anything else that requires a change of the ledger state. The fee is burnt upon validation of the operation.

    Furthermore, the platform’s tokens have a controlled unlocking mechanism that spans 365 days. With each unlocking, the Radix Foundation’s amount of XRD reduces while those in the public domain increases.

    E-Radix (eXRD) Token Sale and tokenomics

    Radix Token Sale began on 8th October 2020 and a total of 642mil E-RADIX tokens were available to purchase at $0.039 per token.

    There will be an Initial Supply of 4.41 billion E-RADIX as both locked and unlocked tokens. The following chart shows the proposed distribution of the Initial Supply tokens.

    Radix proposed distribution
    Radix proposed distribution

    The unlocking mechanism for E-RADIX tokens will start on 17th November 2020. Of the Initial Supply of 4.41 billion E-RADIX tokens, 4.2 Billion tokens will be distributed and of which 99% will be locked and 1% unlocked.

    These locked tokens are subject to a price-based unlocking schedule which will allow holders to withdraw the tokens at certain price milestones as follows:

    Radix token unlock schedule
    e-Radix token unlock schedule (Image credit: Radix token sale info page)

    E-RADIX will be available for trading on Uniswap.

    This E-RADIX token is an ERC-20 token. When the RADIX ledger is instantiated, this E-RADIX token will be exchangeable 1:1 for RADIX (XRD) tokens. As mentioned in their key milestones article, the Team are on track for the Radix main net to go live in Q2 2021.

    On the mainnet, Radix will create a further 5.19 billion RADIX tokens which will also follow the same unlocking schedule as the E-RADIX tokens mentioned above.

    How to withdraw your unlocked E-RADIX (eXRD) and RADIX (XRD) tokens

    As mentioned in the previous section, E-RADIX and RADIX tokens are subject to a price-based unlocking schedule. However, to claim these tokens you will need to withdraw them from the unlocking smart contract.

    This involves visiting their Radix tokens unlocking website and connecting the wallet that you used to purchase the E-RADIX tokens. If that wallet address has an allocation of EXRD in the unlocking smart contract, you will see details of your total allocation together with the amount which is unlocked and can be withdrawn. Then all that is required is to click the “withdraw” button and follow the steps to withdraw the eXRD.

    Make sure to check back when an unlocking event occurs because it will mean you can withdraw more tokens!

    For a detailed walkthrough on how to claim your unlocked tokens, click here.

    Staking Radix Token

    With OpFi, staking, yield farming, and liquidity mining are common occurrences. Radix powers this DeFi subset by allowing users to lock their XRD to earn network emissions and be involved in decision making.

    Network emissions are periodically generated tokens that are spread across active staking nodes while considering the amount of staked tokens. Emissions make up for 2.5% of the yearly inflation rate.

    There are two approaches to locking tokens:

    1. A user can lock XRD and become a node runner on the network; or
    2. a user can lock Radix tokens and delegate his stake to another node runner, also called a staking node. A staking node has the power to validate transactions.

    Radix’s consensus mechanism limits the stake weight per node to 33% to prevent node runners from having absolute power over the transaction validation process.

    Network Subsidy

    The network subsidy is an additional amount of tokens distributed to transaction validators. The tokens are unlocked by the Radix Foundation every 24 hours and are expected to run for 10 years. However, to earn the subsidy tokens, a staking node has to consistently meet specific factors on responsiveness, bandwidth, and computing power.

    Other Radix token categories are the public token grant to support community contributors, the Radix team token grant to support the team, and the stable token reserve that supports stable coins on the network.

    Conclusion

    The projected growth of the DeFi market requires creating new distributed systems that, if possible, have unlimited scalability. Radix is one such project. With a key focus in leading the migration from centralized finance (CeFi), the project provides hope to the future of OpFi.

    From a re-designed consensus mechanism to decentralized self-incentives for developers, the project is keen on ensuring that DeFi overshadows CeFi.

    The Radix token supply approach is another key component of the network that shifts from the traditional approach of major blockchain-based systems that power OpFi protocols.

    Decentralised Finance (DeFi) series: tutorials, guides and more

    With content for both beginners and more advanced users, check out our YouTube DeFi series containing tutorials on the ESSENTIAL TOOLS you need for trading in the DeFi space e.g. MetaMask and Uniswap. As well as a deep dive into popular DeFi topics such as decentralized exchanges, borrowing-lending platforms and NFT marketplaces

    The DeFi series on this website also covers topics not explored on YouTube. For an introduction on what is DeFi, check out Decentralized Finance (DeFi) Overview: A guide to the HOTTEST trend in cryptocurrency

    Tutorials and guides for the ESSENTIAL DEFI TOOLS:

    More videos and articles are coming soon as part of our DeFi series, so be sure to SUBSCRIBE to our Youtube channel so you can be notified as soon as they come out!

    Disclaimer: Cryptocurrency trading involves significant risks and may result in the loss of your capital. You should carefully consider whether trading cryptocurrencies is right for you in light of your financial condition and ability to bear financial risks. Cryptocurrency prices are highly volatile and can fluctuate widely in a short period of time. As such, trading cryptocurrencies may not be suitable for everyone. Additionally, storing cryptocurrencies on a centralized exchange carries inherent risks, including the potential for loss due to hacking, exchange collapse, or other security breaches. We strongly advise that you seek independent professional advice before engaging in any cryptocurrency trading activities and carefully consider the security measures in place when choosing or storing your cryptocurrencies on a cryptocurrency exchange.

  • Polkastarter ($POLS) – Kickstarter for Cryptocurrencies?

    Polkastarter ($POLS) – Kickstarter for Cryptocurrencies?

    Polkastarter ($POLS) is a cross-chain decentralised protocol, powered by Polkadot, that allows start-ups to raise funds in a decentralised and interoperable environment.

    In 2020, the decentralized finance ecosystem (DeFi) recorded encouraging figures in the number of DeFi protocols, as well as the number of funds locked in these platforms. On the number of protocols, the platforms addressed different spheres such as lending, trading, and insurance.

    Unfortunately, not many protocols touched on revolutionizing conventional fundraising models such as initial coin offerings (ICOs), initial decentralized exchange offerings (IDOs), and initial exchange offerings (IEOs).

    However, projects like Polkastarter are on their way to bring a sigh of relief to startups looking for innovative ways to attract funding. Before we dig deeper into the project and what it brings to startups, let’s take a look at the group behind it.

    Background

    Daniel Stockhaus and Tiago Martins are the top brains behind Polkastarter. As project co-founders, Stockhaus is the CEO, while Martins is the CTO. Notably, the two have vast experience spanning from tech entrepreneurship to software development.

    Other members of the team include Danilo Carlucci and Matthew Dibb. Carlucci is a serial entrepreneur and angel investor, while Dibb is a strategic advisor.

    What is Polkastarter?

    Polkastarter is a decentralized platform enabling startups and other projects to attract capital through token auctions and inter-blockchain token pools. As you would have guessed from its name, the project is built on the Polkadot network that sits on Ethereum.

    Polkadaot Network

    Stockhaus settled on Polkadot because of the network’s major strengths in scalability, speed, interoperability, upgradeability, and governance. To elaborate, Polkadot surpasses Ethereum and Bitcoin transaction speed thanks to its use of parachains, which power horizontal scalability, and Grandpa consensus mechanism, which drives vertical scalability.

    Polkadot’s Proof of Stake consensus, GRANDPA (Source: Polkadot Wiki ‘Polkadot Consensus’)

    Polkastarter taps into these strengths to enable governance through community voting and staking. The network also relies on Polkadot to drive liquidity mining.

    Using these features, the project scores better than existing decentralized exchanges and swap protocols such as Uniswap, Bounce, and Primablock. For instance, these networks don’t support cross-chain pools, while Bounce and Primablock support a limited array of virtual assets.

    Polkastarter’s Use Cases and Major Features

    Polkastarter expands outside the fundraising space to crowdfunding and allows participants to benefit from discounted sales. Additionally, the protocol can increase privacy to over the counter deals by enabling password protection during such trades.

    The network differs from other similar projects since it allows:

    • Inter-chain swaps
    • Fixed and dynamic swaps
    • Community voting on critical governance issues
    • Decentralized and permissionless token listing
    • Comprehensive Know your customer (KYC) procedures
    • Users to spot scams from a distance through a built-in anti-scam feature

    Notably, combining these features brings low-cost transactions, fast cross-chain token swaps, the ability to move virtual assets across decentralized platforms, and a user-friendly design.

    How Polkastarter Handles Fixed Swaps?

    Fixed swaps pools are significant components of the network. Unlike with automated market making, fixed swap counteracts price volatility. Also, fixed swaps provide a greater level of transparency on the amount raised during fundraising.

    Polkastarter employs fixed swap pools instead of AMM swap pools. This approach solves, among other challenges, the risk of private investors artificially inflating the price and dumping their holdings and the cost of token offerings.

    Additionally, fixed swap pools ensure a fair distribution of tokens while eliminating the risk of rug pulls in a liquidity pool.

    Note that instead of using a bonding curve approach to determine token prices in a pool, Polkastarter sets a fixed price when swapping tokens. As such, it’s possible to add other parameters, such as how much a single user can contribute to a project. Additionally, it’s easier to set more parameters to ensure transparency and fairness on new token holders.

    Immediate advantages of using fixed swaps are:

    • The amount raised and tokens sold can easily be calculated.
    • It attracts investors distributed both demographically and geographically.
    • Token holders are given a chance to acquire tokens at a standard price.

    Polkastarter’s Native Token ($POLS)

    Tokenomics

    The network has a native token called $POLS, which it uses for various sections on the platform. POLS’s total supply is 100 million tokens. Exactly 42.5 percent of the tokens were sold during the seed sale, private sale, and Uniswap listing. Other tokens went to the marketing fund, team, advisors, and foundational reserve.

    $POLS Token Distribution & Utility (Source: Polkastarter Docs – What are the Tokenomics?)

    Funds raised during the sales periods went into legal/accountancy (5%), ecosystem growth (20%), liquidity/exchanges (30%), and product development (45%).

    POLS is used on the Polkastarter ecosystem as a utility token. Among its major uses are governance and fees.

    As a governance token, its holders can vote on crucial matters such as protocol features and tokens to be displayed on the network. On fees, transactions on the platform are paid using the native currency.

    Other Utilities

    • Staking – The token can be staked to earn staking rewards on various fronts. For example, it can be staked to receive pool rewards or for pool access. Note that the option to stake POL for pool access is solely upon pool creators. However, the choice is ideal for giving top liquidity providers private access to high-end pools.
    • Liquidity mining – Additionally, Polkastarter’s native currency can be staked to participate in liquidity mining. Rewards are distributed to entities providing liquidity on the secondary markets, among other subsections.

    Two Key Partnerships With Polkastarter

    Although Stockhaus and the team have inked many partnerships with reputable decentralized platforms, two stand out.

    Polkastarter and Covalent

    Covalent is a platform capable of fetching intricate details about a crypto wallet. As such, it allows Polkastarter and its users to check the trustworthiness of a token contract. The users have access to the token contract age, verification, transaction volume, among other details.

    Polkastarter and DIA

    Decentralized Information Asset (DIA) is a platform that provides distributed oracles on Polkastarter. Thanks to the exceptional qualities of its oracles, DIA helps Polkastarter provide warnings against massive price slippage.

    Other partnerships involve Moonbean, Shyft, and Orion Protocol.

    Conclusion

    By using fixed price swaps instead of AMM, Polkastarter sets the bar higher in decentralized funding. It adds the transparency and fairness aspect that has been missing on similar platforms. The projectl’s partnerships with Covalent and DIA gives its users peace of mind knowing that they can pick a suspicious project from the crowd and avoid price slippage.

    Furthermore, Polkastarter’s native token opens the door to distributed governance while giving its holders an extra way to earn rewards through staking.

    Decentralised Finance (DeFi) series: tutorials, guides and more

    With content for both beginners and more advanced users, check out our YouTube DeFi series containing tutorials on the ESSENTIAL TOOLS you need for trading in the DeFi space e.g. MetaMask and Uniswap. As well as a deep dive into popular DeFi topics such as decentralized exchanges, borrowing-lending platforms and NFT marketplaces

    The DeFi series on this website also covers topics not explored on YouTube. For an introduction on what is DeFi, check out Decentralized Finance (DeFi) Overview: A guide to the HOTTEST trend in cryptocurrency

    Tutorials and guides for the ESSENTIAL DEFI TOOLS:

    More videos and articles are coming soon as part of our DeFi series, so be sure to SUBSCRIBE to our Youtube channel so you can be notified as soon as they come out!

    Disclaimer: Cryptocurrency trading involves significant risks and may result in the loss of your capital. You should carefully consider whether trading cryptocurrencies is right for you in light of your financial condition and ability to bear financial risks. Cryptocurrency prices are highly volatile and can fluctuate widely in a short period of time. As such, trading cryptocurrencies may not be suitable for everyone. Additionally, storing cryptocurrencies on a centralized exchange carries inherent risks, including the potential for loss due to hacking, exchange collapse, or other security breaches. We strongly advise that you seek independent professional advice before engaging in any cryptocurrency trading activities and carefully consider the security measures in place when choosing or storing your cryptocurrencies on a cryptocurrency exchange.

  • Shadows Network ($DOWS): new hub for synthetic assets?

    Shadows Network ($DOWS): new hub for synthetic assets?

    Shadows Network ($DOWS) aims to be a hub for people to issue, trade, lend and borrow synthetic assets. The protocol is built using the Substrate blockchain network and is compatible with the Polkadot ecosystem.

    Background

    Iror Chen and Bruce Lin lead the Shadows project. Apart from being the co-founders, they double as the CEO and CTO, respectively. The two have extensive experience in diverse fields. To elaborate, Chen previously worked for Amphenol Group while Lin worked for Baidu.

    Other Shadows team members include Ted Shao (co-founder and COO), Claire Cai (co-founder and CMO), Sue Xia (overseas CMO), and Liang Li (risk control).

    Shadows’ list of partners includes Consensys Lab, NGC Capital, Polka Fund, Blocksync, DuckDAO, OneMax Capital, Oasis Capital, among others.

    What is Shadows?

    Shadows is a distributed platform focusing on the issuance, borrowing, lending, and trading of synthetic assets. The project leverages the Substrate framework that powers other popular DeFi networks like Polkadot.

    Note that synthetics are derivatives or clones of real-world assets. Derived assets can be of anything from cryptocurrencies, stocks, indices, fiat, and commodities. Also called synths, they enable holders to share in the profits and losses of an asset without necessarily having such asset in their portfolio. Doing so opens the DeFi scene to a global audience who would be locked out of the space.

    The platform sits on the Polkadot network as a parallel thread. As such, it has inter-chain compatibility with other platforms leveraging EOS and Ethereum to focus on synthetic assets. Cross-chain support opens the network to more blockchain-based assets. For instance, users can use Ethereum (ETH) or Bitcoin (BTC) to create synths.

    Shadows integrates an off-chain worker to help capture the system outside the blockchain. Note that the platform uses the worker to replicate trusted oracles. Furthermore, the oracles receive data from external decentralized platforms to trigger activities inside the blockchain. Unfortunately, traditional oracles suffer from security, efficiency, and scalability.

    The worker employs Substrate allowing it to perform non-deterministic tasks such as encryption and web requests, and other long-running tasks. The Shadows network achieves the above features through a layered system, focusing on different aspects of synthesizing the assets.

    Critical Areas on the Synthetic Network

    Synthetic Asset Issuance Agreement

    The platform secures the synths using its native asset, DOWS (more on this later). Users deposit the token into a smart contract for them to gain a right to create synthetics on the network.

    Consequently, the created tokens are DOWS backed. To reclaim back their tokens, users have to burn their synths. Note that the platform needs a collateralization ratio of 800 percent.

    Synthetic Asset Transaction Agreement

    The agreements support the trading of synths. These agreements minimize slippage and insufficient liquidity. Also, they ease and provide efficient trading.

    Debt Collateral Lending Agreement

    The platform employs lending pools that hold users’ debt into the pool to facilitate lending activities. How this works is simple. To elaborate, the borrowers access the pool to place a synth debt.

    Next, they pay interest and receive the loan in synthesized USD (xUSD). The need for xUSD funding is to provide flexible financing.  This funding option offers a balance between demand, supply interest, and rates.

    What Drives the Shadows Network?

    Four significant aspects power the platform.

    1. Rewards system – Users are rewarded when they use the native token to create synths. However, the rewards only apply to those who have reached the needed collateralization ratio.
    2. Governance – In the DeFi scene, governance is everything. On Shadows, the native token gives holders a voice when making governance decisions. Some areas falling under community governance include upgrading.
    3. Staking – The base asset does more than just governance, the token can be staked as collateral and at the same time benefit from staking rewards.
    4. Trading bonus – This goes to DOWS holders and is generated by those trading on the platform.

    How Does Shadows Work?

    First, note that the platform is compatible and connects to Polkadot.

    How Shadows Network works
    How Shadows Network works

    It works as an off-chain enterprise that connects to various parts such as inflationary supply, fee pool, and external services. It connects to Polkadot as a single service.

    The Protocol Offers Three Types of Incentives.

    The first type of incentive is where a user is charged 0.3% as the trading fee. How is this an incentive? It’s because they can send it to a fee pool and receive a mortgage in terms of DOWS.

    However, the trading fee incentive’s applicability varies between users because it’s dependent on the amount of debt that the user has and the amount in the debt pool.

    The second type of incentive goes to mortgagors who benefit from holding the base asset on a weekly basis. Notably, the amount of bonus received depends on how much debt the mortgagor has in the debt pool.

    Third comes rewards for lenders in the lending pool. These incentives have a weekly timeline.

    The Shadow Token ($DOWS) tokenomics

    DOWS is the backbone of the Shadows network. Apart from governance, casting synths, lending, and distributing rewards, the token can also be used to power the token destruction mechanism.

    The destruction part utilizes the transactions and debit pool fee. And, it follows a fixed ratio of 30% per week. Note that the token’s destruction is automatically driven by a smart contract. Observe that this makes the native token a deflationary base asset.

    Shadows did a double Initial DEX Offering (IDO) on Ignition and DuckSTARTER. The allocation of tokens were as follows:

    • Ecological Incentives: 63% — 63,000,000
    • Early Investors: 20% — 20,000,000
    • Foundation: 10% — 10,000,000
    • Advisors: 5% —5,000,000
    • Liquidity Provision: 2% — 2,000,000

    The vesting periods for various allocations are as follows:

    Shadows ($DOWS) vesting period
    Shadows ($DOWS) vesting period

    Is Shadows Network safe?

    Recently the Shadows project faced some accusations because they are allegedly connected to another project that recently suffered an alleged “hack” of their smart contract.

    On 6th March 2021, the Team Tweeted to address the concerns, saying that their smart contract codes were audited twice by Certik. And on both occasions the contracts were found to be secure and met the highest security standards.

    The Team in their Tweet on 7th March 2021 also said that Shadows Network uses a proxy contract to upgrade its smart contract and deliver key functions such as issuing, trading, borrowing or lending synthetic assets on the network. Most notably, the proxy contract will deploy incentive DApps for users such as LP staking and DAO governance etc. From these Apps, 63 million $DOWS (representing 63% of the total supply of $DOWS) will be minted as a reward to the community. Once all 63 million $DOWS have been released, the Team will permanently remove the mint function from the Shadows smart contract. This has the effect of stopping the Team from producing any more $DOWS and most importantly, to potentially prevent the price of $DOWS from being diluted.

    Further, this proxy contract and ERC20 contract are kept secure through multisig and is on Openzeppelin- an open-sourced protocol. The Team also notes that other popular names in the cryptocurrency scene i.e. Compound and Coinbase also use Openzeppelin.

    Conclusion

    Shadows helps bring traditional assets onto the blockchain. In doing so, the platform opens the conventional assets to more users. For instance, it brings these assets to DeFi users and those who don’t want to hold real crypto assets.

    Notably, the platform takes on a layered-approach to bring these possibilities to life-enhancing functionalities. Furthermore, the DOWS token helps power different aspects of the Shadows network.

    Disclaimer: Cryptocurrency trading involves significant risks and may result in the loss of your capital. You should carefully consider whether trading cryptocurrencies is right for you in light of your financial condition and ability to bear financial risks. Cryptocurrency prices are highly volatile and can fluctuate widely in a short period of time. As such, trading cryptocurrencies may not be suitable for everyone. Additionally, storing cryptocurrencies on a centralized exchange carries inherent risks, including the potential for loss due to hacking, exchange collapse, or other security breaches. We strongly advise that you seek independent professional advice before engaging in any cryptocurrency trading activities and carefully consider the security measures in place when choosing or storing your cryptocurrencies on a cryptocurrency exchange.