For years, the crypto community has lived and died by one sacred chart: the Bitcoin halving cycle. Every four years like clockwork — 2013, 2017, 2021 — Bitcoin has delivered an explosive bull market that peaked roughly 12–18 months after the halving, followed by an 80–85% bear market the next year. So with the April 2024 halving now 20 months behind us, and Bitcoin trading well off its all-time high after a sharp 35–40% correction, the chorus is getting louder:
“It’s over. The blow-off top was late 2024 or early 2025. 2026 will be the bear market year. History rhymes.”
That narrative feels comfortable because it has worked three times in a row. But this time, the 4-year halving cycle is no longer the dominant force driving Bitcoin’s price. In fact, it may be almost irrelevant. Here’s why.
1. The 4-Year Cycle Was Never Really About the Halving
The halving reduces Bitcoin’s new supply issuance by 50% every ~4 years. That is real. What is not real is the idea that this mechanical event alone has been the primary driver of the mega-cycles.
Look at the actual history through a macro lens:
2011–2013 bull → coincided with the post-GFC global reflation (U.S. QE2/QE3 + China’s 4-trillion-yuan stimulus)
2015–2017 bull → coincided with China’s second giant property and credit reflation after the 2015 stock-market crash
2019–2021 bull → coincided with the largest synchronized fiscal + monetary stimulus in recorded history (COVID)
In every single case, the halving happened to land at roughly the same time as a once-in-a-decade global liquidity tsunami. The halving became the convenient story, but the true rocket fuel was always newly created dollars, yuan, yen, and euros chasing risk assets.
When you detach the price history from the halving calendar and overlay it instead on global central-bank balance sheets and fiscal deficits, a very different pattern emerges: Bitcoin (and risk assets in general) go parabolic when liquidity is expanding aggressively, and they crash when liquidity contracts.
2. The 2023–2025 Bull Was Not Driven by the Upcoming Halving Either
Most people assume the current cycle began because markets started “pricing in” the 2024 halving. That’s not what actually happened.
The real trigger was U.S. Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen’s deliberate engineering of the Reverse Repo Facility (RRP) drain. From its peak of $2.55 trillion in 2022, the RRP was systematically guided toward zero over ~24 months (Sept 2023 → early 2026). Every dollar leaving the RRP became fresh liquidity available to chase stocks, gold, real estate — and crypto.
That engineered RRP drain acted as stealth quantitative easing while the Fed was still officially tightening. It is the primary reason every risk asset on earth began marching higher in Q4 2023 — not halving anticipation.
3. Global Liquidity Is About to Re-Accelerate — Not Contract
Here is where the old 4-year script completely breaks down.
In past cycles, the year after the post-halving peak was always characterized by tightening financial conditions:
2014 → China deleveraging + Fed ending QE
2018 → Fed QT + China supply-side reform
2022 → most aggressive Fed hiking cycle in 40 years
2026–2028 is shaping up to be the opposite.
United States: Mid-term elections in 2026 will force both parties to deliver fiscal “goodies.” The incoming administration has already signaled aggressive use of deficit spending (infrastructure, AI build-out, energy dominance). Political pressure on the Federal Reserve to keep credit cheap will be extreme.
China: Authorities are actively fighting property deflation and youth unemployment. More stimulus is already being rolled out, with larger packages widely expected if housing continues to weaken.
Japan: The new government just passed the largest supplementary budget since Abenomics.
Europe: Rearmament and energy-transition spending are set to explode deficit spending across the continent.
In other words, almost every major economy on earth has powerful domestic reasons to turn the money printer back on in 2025–2027. There is no global tightening regime waiting in the wings like there was in previous post-peak years.
4. Bitcoin Has Become the Purest Liquidity Barometer
Because Bitcoin is the most liquid, 24/7, globally traded risk asset with virtually no fundamental cash flows to anchor its valuation, it has evolved into the world’s most sensitive “smoke alarm” for changes in dollar liquidity.
The sharp October–November 2025 correction from ~$125k to the low $80k region was Bitcoin front-running a temporary liquidity squeeze (end of aggressive RRP drain + brief government shutdown fears). Traditional markets have not yet fully priced that squeeze — meaning either: (a) stocks catch down and force an immediate policy response (rate cuts + fiscal stimulus), or (b) the squeeze proves transitory and everything rips higher again.
Either path is bullish for Bitcoin over a 12–24 month horizon. Neither path resembles the multi-year liquidity contraction that defined previous bear markets.
5. Positioning and Psychology Still Look Early
Retail participation is high, but institutional allocation to crypto remains astonishingly low outside of a few spot ETFs. Leverage in the system, while elevated, is nowhere near the euphoric levels seen at true cycle tops (e.g., 2021’s 100x+ perpetual futures or 2017’s ICO mania).
When the next undeniable wave of global stimulus hits, the amount of capital still sitting on the sidelines is enormous.
The Bottom Line
The Bitcoin 4-year halving cycle was always a correlation masquerading as causation. Strip away the coincidence with past liquidity cycles, and the halving’s supply impact becomes just one input among many — and a relatively minor one at that when central banks and governments are prepared to create trillions of new currency units.
This time, the macro backdrop is not pointing to a classic post-halving peak and multi-year bear market in 2026–2027. It is pointing to a multi-year extension of the risk-asset bull market, fueled by fiscal dominance and competitive currency debasement.
The real parabolic phase — the one people will later look back on and say “that was the actual mania” — may still be in front of us, not in the rear-view mirror.
In 2025, airdrops are no where near as common and definitely not as profitable as it was late 2024. Gone are the days where a few on-chain transactions can yield hundreds if not thousands of dollars worth of airdrops. In this article we break down what’s causing the this trend explain what is going on.
1. Airdrops Attract Farmers, Not Loyal Users
The core promise of airdrops was to put tokens in the hands of real users. In practice, they mostly reward farmers—automated accounts and sybil attackers who game eligibility criteria for profit.
Farmers complete repetitive tasks (like testnet interactions or app clicks) using bots or multiple wallets.
Once tokens are distributed, they sell immediately, flooding the market and crashing prices.
These participants rarely engage with the protocol long-term. They’re not builders, not believers—just opportunists.
This creates a parasitic dynamic. The community looks active on paper, but it’s hollow. Metrics like TVL, transaction count, or user growth get inflated by non-organic activity, misleading investors and teams alike. In reality, farmed data says nothing about product health or future adoption.
2. Zero Retention: Tokens Don’t Create Sticky Users
If airdrops were meant to onboard loyal users, the data tells a different story.
Churn is extreme. Most airdrop recipients sell within days or weeks.
There’s almost no example of a broad, gamified airdrop leading to sustained usage.
Retentive, high-value users almost never come through airdrop channels.
Compare the total value of tokens distributed via airdrops over the years to the actual revenue generated by top protocols. The gap is staggering. If this were traditional marketing spend, the ROI would be considered catastrophic. Billions in token value given away—yet little to no lasting impact on user behavior or protocol revenue.
The conclusion is clear: Airdrops don’t convert free users into engaged ones. They’re not a growth engine; they’re a liquidity event for sellers.
3. Airdrops Are Poorly Spent Marketing
Airdrops were once seen as a low-cost way to gain attention. But attention isn’t enough—it has to be the right kind.
Most airdrops optimize for easily measurable but meaningless actions (e.g., “touch every button in the app”).
This follows Goodhart’s Law: when a measure becomes a target, it ceases to be a good measure.
Farmers optimize the system perfectly—then leave.
In today’s market, long-term value (LTV) matters more than customer acquisition cost (CAC). Projects are judged on revenue, retention, and economic sustainability—not vanity metrics. Handing out tokens to transient users doesn’t move the needle on any of these.
Even worse, airdrops dilute early supporters. Loyal holders and team members see their ownership eroded to reward people who contribute nothing and exit immediately.
4. Better Alternatives Exist: ICOs, Linear Rewards, and Revenue Sharing
If airdrops fail to put tokens in the right hands, what’s the alternative?
ICOs: Sell to Committed Buyers
Direct token sales (like modern ICOs) let projects raise capital from aligned, long-term holders.
Buyers pay real money, signaling conviction.
Sales can include lockups, timeouts for flippers, or allocation rules to filter speculators.
Oversubscribed sales give leverage to the project—rewarding good behavior, not gaming.
As one view puts it: If users are just going to sell, why not skip the middleman and sell the tokens yourself?
Linear Airdrops & Performance Rewards
Not all token distributions are equal. Pay-for-performance models work when tied to real contributions:
Providing liquidity
Lending/borrowing capital
Securing networks
These “linear airdrops” (common in DeFi) align incentives. You earn based on value added—not arbitrary tasks. Protocols like top revenue generators today often succeed without broad airdrops, relying instead on economic flywheels.
Revenue Sharing: Value Accrues to Holders
With regulatory clarity improving, protocols can now activate fees and direct revenue to token holders. This creates real economic alignment—no free lunch required.
5. The 2025 Meta: Revenue Over Hype
Crypto in 2025 is in a revenue meta. Markets reward:
Sustainable business models
Real cash flow
Defensible moats
Airdrops belong to a previous era—one of endless hype, zero accountability, and “number go up” at any cost. That playbook no longer works.
Top protocols by revenue? Few did large airdrops.
High-retention apps? Built through product, not giveaways.
Investor diligence? Now strips out farmed metrics entirely.
The experiment has been run. The verdict: Airdrops are net negative for most projects.
The Future: Smarter Distribution, Stronger Alignment
Airdrops won’t disappear entirely. They may live on in niche forms:
Targeted rewards for early testers
Bounties for bug finds or content
Retroactive grants to genuine contributors
But the era of mass, gamified, “free money” airdrops is over.
Projects now prioritize:
Clarity: One asset, one incentive structure
Alignment: Reward contribution, not exploitation
Sustainability: Build revenue, not illusions
In 2025, crypto isn’t about tricking people into using your app. It’s about building something people want to use—and getting paid for it.
The death of the airdrop isn’t a loss. It’s a sign of maturity.
On October 1-2, 2025, Marina Bay Sands in Singapore will transform into a five-floor “pop-up city” for TOKEN2049, the world’s largest Web3 event, drawing a record-breaking 25,000 attendees from over 160 countries. With 7,000+ companies, 500+ exhibitors, and 70% of attendees being C-suite executives, this year’s edition underscores the crypto industry’s shift from speculative frenzy to a mature, infrastructure-driven ecosystem. Amidst ziplines, pickleball courts, and live DJ sets, TOKEN2049 Singapore 2025 is not just a conference—it’s a global stage for innovation, deal-making, and cultural celebration, redefining how the Web3 community connects and builds the future.
The crypto industry has come a long way since the ICO mania of 2017, and TOKEN2049 Singapore 2025 reflects this evolution with a focus on institutional adoption, technological scalability, and real-world applications. High-profile speakers like Eric Trump and Donald Trump Jr. (World Liberty Financial), Vlad Tenev (Robinhood), Paolo Ardoino (Tether), and Balaji Srinivasan (The Network State) will dive into topics shaping the industry’s next phase: institutional DeFi, Layer 2 solutions, tokenized real-world assets (RWAs), Bitcoin ETFs, and the convergence of AI and blockchain. These discussions signal a sector moving beyond retail speculation to one where enterprises, regulators, and innovators align for global impact.
The event’s programming highlights this maturation. Panels and keynotes will explore how regulatory clarity in regions like Singapore is fostering institutional trust, while technological advancements—such as Ethereum’s scaling solutions and Bitcoin’s Taproot upgrade—are enabling more efficient, secure networks. Over 500 exhibitors, including title sponsors like OKX, Coinbase, and TRON, will showcase tools and platforms that bridge traditional finance with decentralized systems, underscoring the industry’s growing legitimacy. As Alex Fiskum, co-founder of TOKEN2049, notes, “This will be our most ambitious edition yet, with the global crypto community converging in Singapore to shape the digital asset industry.”
Innovation in Action: The Origins Hackathon and NEXUS Startup Competition
At the heart of TOKEN2049’s innovation push are two marquee initiatives: the TOKEN2049 Origins Hackathon and the NEXUS startup competition. The hackathon, debuting in 2025, is a 36-hour sprint uniting 160 of the world’s top developers to build next-generation Web3 solutions. Participants will collaborate under the guidance of mentors, pitching their projects for prizes, funding, and global recognition before 25,000 attendees, media, and industry leaders. This high-energy environment fosters rapid ideation, turning concepts into working prototypes that could redefine blockchain applications.
The NEXUS startup competition, now in its second year and recognized as the world’s largest Web3 startup contest, amplifies this spirit of entrepreneurship. In collaboration with top-tier venture capital firms like Dragonfly, Pantera, and Maelstrom, NEXUS offers startups a global stage to pitch groundbreaking projects. Following the success of 2024’s winner, Battlebound, the 2025 edition promises even greater visibility, with 10 finalists vying for equity-free prizes and investor attention. These initiatives highlight TOKEN2049’s role as a launchpad for the next wave of Web3 unicorns, bridging visionary founders with the capital and networks needed to scale.
A Festival of Networking and Culture
Beyond its focus on innovation, TOKEN2049 Singapore 2025 redefines the conference experience with a festival-like atmosphere that blends business with celebration. Spanning all five floors of Marina Bay Sands, the event features ziplines, rock-climbing walls, pickleball courts, cold plunges, breathwork sessions, and live performances, creating an immersive environment that energizes attendees. High-quality, organic meals and on-site wellness services like massages and barbers elevate the experience, emphasizing both professional and personal growth.
This vibrant setting is a networking powerhouse. With over 1,000 side events during TOKEN2049 Week (Sept 29–Oct 5), including meetups, workshops, and themed dinners, attendees can forge connections across borders and industries. The week culminates in the unmissable Grand Prix Weekend Party at the Marina Bay Sands SkyPark, where the global crypto community mingles against the backdrop of Singapore’s Formula 1 festivities. As one X post described it, “TOKEN2049 is where deals are made, ideas are born, and the future of Web3 takes shape.” The AI-driven Networking 3.0 app further enhances these connections, matching founders, investors, and developers for meaningful collaborations.
Singapore: The Global Crypto Hub
TOKEN2049’s scale and ambition cement Singapore’s status as Asia’s crypto epicenter. The city’s regulatory clarity, technological infrastructure, and global connectivity make it the ideal host for an event that draws decision-makers from 160+ countries. As the crypto industry matures, Singapore’s role as a bridge between East and West positions it to shape the global Web3 narrative. The event’s 25,000 attendees—representing founders, investors, developers, and policymakers—reflect this diversity, creating a melting pot of ideas that will drive the industry forward.
TOKEN2049 Singapore 2025 is more than an event; it’s a snapshot of an industry at a turning point. By spotlighting institutional adoption, fostering innovation through the Origins Hackathon and NEXUS competition, and creating a festival-like networking hub, it captures the crypto sector’s evolution into a mature, impactful ecosystem. As attendees zip-line across Marina Bay Sands, pitch groundbreaking ideas, or close deals over gourmet meals, they’re not just participating in a conference—they’re shaping the future of Web3. For those looking to join, tickets are selling fast, with prices rising to USD $599 as demand soars.
Ethereum is a decentralized blockchain platform that allows developers to build and deploy smart contracts and decentralized applications (dApps). First proposed in 2013 by Vitalik Buterin, Ethereum has grown into one of the most influential technologies in the blockchain space, supporting a vast ecosystem of financial services, gaming platforms, social networks, and enterprise solutions.
Decentralization vs. Centralization
Most traditional systems—such as banks, tech companies, and social media platforms—operate under centralized control. Ethereum offers an alternative model where users interact directly through trustless protocols, eliminating intermediaries and enabling peer-to-peer collaboration.
Ethereum Network and Ether (ETH)
Ethereum provides the infrastructure for executing smart contracts, running dApps, and managing tokenized assets. Its native currency, Ether (ETH), is used to pay for transactions and computational services—commonly referred to as “gas.” ETH also functions as a store of value and is widely used across decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms.
Smart Contracts and dApps
Smart contracts are self-executing programs that run exactly as coded, without human intervention. Developers use Ethereum’s programming language, Solidity, to create dApps that span industries such as finance, insurance, gaming, and identity verification.
Key characteristics of dApps include:
Open Source: Code is publicly accessible and governed by community consensus.
Decentralized: Data is stored on the blockchain and not controlled by any single entity.
Incentivized: Users are rewarded with tokens for participation.
Protocol-Based: Operates on cryptographic algorithms agreed upon by the community.
Ethereum 2.0 and Recent Developments
Ethereum completed its transition to Proof of Stake (PoS) in 2022, replacing the energy-intensive Proof of Work (PoW) model. This shift significantly reduced Ethereum’s energy consumption and introduced staking, allowing users to lock up ETH to help secure the network and earn rewards.
Recent upgrades include:
Danksharding: Enhances scalability and reduces transaction costs by improving data availability.
Verkle Trees: Introduces a new data structure that optimizes storage and makes Ethereum nodes more efficient.
Account Abstraction: Simplifies wallet interactions and enables programmable accounts.
As of mid-2025, Ethereum supports over one million active dApps and secures more than $500 billion in value across DeFi, NFTs, and enterprise applications.
What is Decentralization
Decentralization distributes control across a network, removing reliance on central authorities. Ethereum leads this shift by running smart contracts and dApps on a global node network, secured by Proof of Stake. Upgrades like Danksharding, Verkle Trees, and Account Abstraction have made it more scalable and user-friendly. By 2025, decentralization powers not just finance but also identity, governance, and digital platforms.
Ethereum Network
Ethereum is a decentralized smart contract platform that enables developers to build dApps and financial protocols without relying on central authorities. As of 2025, it runs on Proof of Stake, with major upgrades like Danksharding, Verkle Trees, and Account Abstraction improving scalability, efficiency, and user experience. Ether (ETH) remains the native currency, used for transactions and powering smart contracts across a diverse ecosystem spanning finance, gaming, identity, and more.
Decentralized Platform
Ethereum is a decentralized smart contract platform that enables developers to build dApps and financial protocols without relying on central authorities. As of 2025, it runs on Proof of Stake, with major upgrades like Danksharding, Verkle Trees, and Account Abstraction improving scalability, efficiency, and user experience. Ether (ETH) remains the native currency, used for transactions and powering smart contracts across a diverse ecosystem spanning finance, gaming, identity, and more.
Main features of Ethereum
Ethereum 2
Ethereum is a decentralized, open-source platform designed for building and running smart contracts and dApps. Its key features include:
Decentralized Infrastructure: No single entity controls the network; thousands of nodes maintain consensus globally.
Proof of Stake (PoS): Since 2022, Ethereum uses PoS for energy-efficient validation and staking rewards.
Smart Contract Automation: Programs execute automatically based on predefined conditions, without human intervention.
Public Accessibility: Anyone with an internet connection can interact with the network and deploy applications.
Native Currency (ETH): Ether is used to pay for gas fees, secure the network, and facilitate transactions.
Scalability Enhancements: Danksharding and Verkle Trees improve data efficiency and reduce transaction costs.
Account Abstraction: Introduced in 2024, it allows customizable wallet behavior and simplifies user interactions.
These features make Ethereum a foundational layer for decentralized finance, digital identity, gaming, and more.
What are dApps?
Users can build and run decentralized applications (dApps) on blockchain networks like Ethereum. These applications serve specific functions and operate without centralized control. As of 2025, dApps have expanded across industries including finance, gaming, identity, and social media. They typically share the following features:
Open Source: The source code is publicly accessible. Updates require consensus from the community.
Decentralized: Data and transaction history are stored on public blockchains, not controlled by any single entity.
Incentivized: Users are rewarded with tokens or digital assets for participation and contributions.
Protocol-Based: Operate on agreed-upon cryptographic algorithms. Ethereum now uses Proof of Stake (PoS) for consensus.
Programmable Accounts: Thanks to Account Abstraction, dApps can offer flexible wallet behavior and enhanced user experience.
Scalable Infrastructure: Upgrades like Danksharding and Verkle Trees have improved performance and reduced costs.
Examples of dApps in 2025 include:
Aave: A decentralized lending and borrowing platform.
OpenSea: A marketplace for NFTs and digital collectibles.
Illuvium: A blockchain-based game with tokenized assets and play-to-earn mechanics.
Future of Ethereum
Ethereum’s future is increasingly defined by scalability, usability, and real-world integration. Since its full transition to Proof of Stake in 2022, Ethereum has undergone major upgrades including Danksharding, which significantly boosts transaction throughput, and Verkle Trees, which reduce node storage requirements and improve network efficiency. Account Abstraction, now widely adopted, allows for programmable wallets and more intuitive user experiences, making dApps accessible to mainstream users. Ethereum continues to serve as the backbone for decentralized finance, NFTs, and Web3 infrastructure, with growing adoption in enterprise and government sectors. As of 2025, Ethereum is preparing for further enhancements focused on privacy, modular execution environments, and cross-chain interoperability, positioning itself as a foundational layer for a decentralized internet.
Ethereum has changed a lot since the Ethereum 2.0 upgrade began. Now fully running on Proof-of-Stake, the network is faster, cheaper, and uses way less energy. With sharding and other upgrades complete, Ethereum can handle over 100,000 transactions per second, making it a top choice for apps, games, and finance tools.
This article explains how Ethereum got here, what each upgrade did, and why it matters. Whether you’re new to crypto or already staking ETH, this guide will help you understand Ethereum’s journey and what’s next.
What is Ethereum 2.0?
Ethereum 2.0—now simply called Ethereum—was a major upgrade that transformed the network from Proof-of-Work to Proof-of-Stake. This shift made Ethereum far more energy-efficient and scalable. The upgrade included several key milestones:
The Merge (2022): Combined the original Ethereum mainnet with the Beacon Chain, switching the consensus mechanism to Proof-of-Stake.
Sharding (Completed 2024): Split the network into multiple shards to boost speed and reduce costs. Ethereum now handles over 100,000 transactions per second.
Staking: Users can earn passive income by staking ETH to help secure the network. As of mid-2025, staking yields average around 3.7% APR. Check out our staking guide HERE
These upgrades have made Ethereum faster, cheaper, and more accessible. Validators no longer need expensive hardware, and anyone can run a node—even from a laptop or phone. Ethereum now powers a massive ecosystem of DeFi apps, NFTs, and Web3 platforms, and continues to lead innovation in blockchain technology.
This guide will cover the timeline for the upgrade to ETH2.0 and the solutions proposed.
Ethereum 2.0 Key features and what you need to know video
The 3 Phases of Ethereum 2.0
Ethereum 2.0 will be launched in 3 phases:
Phase 0- Beacon Chain – Completed in 2020
Phase 1- The Merge – Completed September 2022
Phase 2- Sharding
Ethereum 2.0—now simply Ethereum—was rolled out in three major phases, each transforming the network’s scalability, security, and sustainability:
Phase 0: Beacon Chain (Completed December 2020)
This phase introduced the Proof-of-Stake consensus mechanism via the Beacon Chain. It ran in parallel with the original Ethereum chain and laid the foundation for future upgrades by coordinating validators and generating randomness for staking.
Phase 1: The Merge (Completed September 2022)
The Merge combined the Beacon Chain with Ethereum’s mainnet, officially transitioning the network from Proof-of-Work to Proof-of-Stake. This reduced Ethereum’s energy consumption by over 99.9% and eliminated the need for mining.
Phase 2: Sharding (Completed Q4 2024)
Sharding split Ethereum’s data processing across multiple chains (“shards”), dramatically increasing throughput and lowering costs. Combined with Layer 2 rollups, Ethereum now handles over 100,000 transactions per second. Validators can run nodes on lightweight devices, boosting decentralization and accessibility.
Main features of sharding:
Ethereum’s sharding implementation is now complete, delivering major improvements in scalability and decentralization:
Lightweight Node Requirements: Validators no longer need to store the full blockchain. Thanks to data sampling and blob transactions, even mobile devices can run nodes.
Greater Security via Decentralization: With over a million active validators, Ethereum is more resilient and censorship-resistant than ever.
High Throughput: Combined with Layer 2 rollups, sharding enables over 100,000 transactions per second, significantly reducing gas fees.
Efficient Data Distribution: Ethereum uses 64 shards to spread data across the network, minimizing congestion and improving performance.
Optimized Rollup Integration: Rollups now directly access shard data, making them faster and cheaper, and enabling new use cases like real-time data feeds and decentralized AI.
What are layer 2 rollups?
Layer 2 rollups are scaling solutions that execute transactions off-chain and post compressed data back to Ethereum, reducing congestion and lowering fees. As of 2025, rollups have matured into the backbone of Ethereum’s scalability strategy.
Optimistic and ZK Rollups: Both types are widely adopted. ZK rollups, in particular, have gained traction for their speed and security, powering applications in DeFi, gaming, and identity verification.
Blob Transactions and Proto-Danksharding: Introduced in the Cancun-Deneb upgrade, blob-carrying transactions allow rollups to post large data payloads efficiently. This has drastically reduced costs and improved throughput.
Rollup-Centric Ethereum: Ethereum now functions as a data availability and settlement layer, while most user activity occurs on rollups. This architecture supports over 100,000 transactions per second.
Interoperability and Composability: Rollups are increasingly interoperable, allowing seamless asset transfers and smart contract interactions across different Layer 2s.
Decentralized Applications at Scale: From social media platforms to real-time multiplayer games, rollups have enabled dApps that were previously impossible on Layer 1 due to cost and latency.
Ethereum 2.0—now simply referred to as Ethereum—has completed its major transition phases and entered a new era of scalability and decentralization. Here’s a snapshot of its current state:
Proof-of-Stake Fully Operational: Since the Merge in September 2022, Ethereum has run entirely on Proof-of-Stake. Validator participation remains high, with over 1 million active validators and a network participation rate consistently above 99%.
Sharding Completed: As of late 2024, Ethereum successfully launched 64 shards, dramatically improving data throughput and enabling lightweight node operation. This has made it possible to run validator nodes on consumer-grade devices.
Rollup-Centric Architecture: Most user activity now occurs on Layer 2 rollups, which post data back to Ethereum using blob transactions introduced in the Cancun-Deneb upgrade. This architecture supports over 100,000 transactions per second.
Post-Merge Upgrades: Ethereum has progressed through the “Surge” (scaling via sharding), and is actively implementing the “Scourge,” “Verge,” “Purge,” and “Splurge”—a series of upgrades focused on censorship resistance, stateless clients, historical data cleanup, and protocol refinement.
Staking and Withdrawals: Withdrawals have been enabled since the Shanghai (Shapella) upgrade in April 2023. Staking remains popular, with yields averaging 3.5–5% annually depending on network conditions.
EVM Improvements: The Ethereum Virtual Machine has seen multiple enhancements, including support for Verkle trees and EOF (EVM Object Format), improving efficiency and developer experience.
How to set up an Ethereum Validator Node
Check out our LIVE demonstration on how to set up an Ethereum 2.0 Node
How to set up an Ethereum 2.0 node
I’ve also set up something called an Ethereum validator node for Ethereum 2.0. These nodes will be how Ethereum would run and how transactions are going to be validated in the future. So we’re going to explore all of these concepts as well in this guide.
Currently you can test out Ethereum staking on the ETH 2.0 Testnet set up by Prysmatic labs (aka Topaz). Since it’s a test, Ethereum will not be used, instead, it will use Göerli ETH, a free testnet version of ETH.
Time needed: 2 days
How to set up an Ethereum (ETH) Validator Node This guide has been adapted from the Prysm ‘Topaz’ Testnet Guide
Get some Göerli ETH
Göerli ETH is free to obtain and will be used to stake the 32 ETH required for the node. The easiest way to obtain the Göerli ETH is to use the social faucet.
Spin up a Server
You’ll need to be familiar with running a VPS server (you can use AWS, Hetzner or Linode). Recommended specs include an Intel Core i7 processor with 100 GB of SSD storage
Start your Beacon Node
Easiest way we found to do this is via Docker docker run -it -v $HOME/prysm/beacon:/data -p 4000:4000 -p 13000:13000 \ gcr.io/prysmaticlabs/prysm/beacon-chain:latest \ –datadir=/data
Wait (roughly 2 days) to get activated, and then you’re good to go!
Staking Ethereum on a validator node
Ethereum now operates fully under Proof-of-Stake, and staking remains a core mechanism for securing the network and earning passive income.
Stake Requirement: 32 ETH is required to activate a validator. This stake acts as collateral to ensure honest behavior and network uptime.
Rewards: Annual staking yields range from 3.5% to 5%, depending on network conditions and validator performance. Rewards are paid in ETH and accumulate over time.
Withdrawals: Since the Shanghai (Shapella) upgrade in April 2023, stakers can withdraw both principal and rewards. Withdrawals are processed in queue and typically take hours to days.
Risks: Validators face penalties for downtime or incorrect attestations. Slashing is rare but possible in cases of malicious behavior or prolonged inactivity.
Network Health: As of August 2025, over 1 million validators are active, and more than 30 million ETH is staked. Participation rates consistently exceed 99%, ensuring robust security.
Liquid Staking Options: For users with less than 32 ETH or those seeking flexibility, platforms like Lido, Rocket Pool, and Coinbase offer tokenized staking (e.g. stETH, rETH) with instant liquidity and pooled validation.
The Ethereum staking deposit contract was officially released on November 4, 2020, marking the beginning of Phase 0 and enabling users to stake ETH and become validators. While the original launch required careful navigation through the Ethereum Launchpad, staking has since become more streamlined and widely accessible.
As of 2025:
Deposit Contract Still Active: The original deposit contract remains the gateway for validator activation. Users must still follow the Launchpad process to generate keys and deposit 32 ETH securely.
Withdrawals Enabled: Since the Shanghai (Shapella) upgrade in April 2023, stakers can withdraw both rewards and principal. This has made staking more flexible and liquid.
Validator Growth: Over 1 million validators are now active, with more than 30 million ETH staked. Participation rates consistently exceed 99%, ensuring strong network security.
Liquid Staking Alternatives: Platforms like Lido, Rocket Pool, and Coinbase offer pooled staking and tokenized derivatives (e.g., stETH, rETH), allowing users to stake without the full 32 ETH requirement.
Security Reminder: Sending ETH directly to the deposit contract without using the Launchpad will still result in a failed transaction. Proper setup remains essential to avoid loss of funds or penalties.
Ethereum Staking Update: Yields?
Ethereum staking yields have stabilized following the full rollout of Proof-of-Stake and the Shanghai upgrade, which enabled withdrawals in April 2023.
Risk Factors: While slashing remains rare, validators must maintain uptime and correct behavior to avoid penalties. Liquid staking platforms typically abstract these risks for users.
Current APR: As of August 2025, the average annual percentage return (APR) for staking ETH ranges between 3.5% and 4.2%, depending on validator performance and network activity.
Yield Trends: Early stakers enjoyed higher returns (up to 16% pre-Merge), but yields have normalized as validator participation increased. Over 30 million ETH is currently staked, with more than 1 million active validators.
Liquid Staking: Tokenized staking options like stETH (Lido), rETH (Rocket Pool), and cbETH (Coinbase) offer competitive yields and instant liquidity, making them popular among users with less than 32 ETH.
Rewards Distribution: Staking rewards are paid in ETH and accumulate continuously. Validators earn from proposing blocks, attesting to others, and participating in sync committees.
You can check the current APR, total ETH staked, and number of validators here.
Progress of Ethereum 2.0 so far
Ethereum 2.0—now simply Ethereum—has completed its major upgrade phases and transitioned into a scalable, energy-efficient, and decentralized network. Here’s a summary of its progress:
Beacon Chain (Phase 0): Launched in December 2020, introducing Proof-of-Stake and laying the foundation for future upgrades.
The Merge (Phase 1): Completed in September 2022, merging the Beacon Chain with Ethereum’s mainnet and eliminating Proof-of-Work. This reduced energy consumption by over 99.9%.
Sharding (Phase 2): Rolled out in late 2024, Ethereum now operates with 64 shards, enabling lightweight node operation and dramatically increasing data throughput.
Post-Merge Upgrades: Ethereum has entered the “Surge,” “Scourge,” “Verge,” “Purge,” and “Splurge” phases—targeting scalability, censorship resistance, stateless clients, historical data cleanup, and protocol refinement.
Network Metrics: As of August 2025, over 30 million ETH is staked across more than 1 million validators. Participation rates remain above 99%, ensuring strong consensus and security.
Rollup-Centric Architecture: Most user activity now occurs on Layer 2 rollups, which leverage blob transactions for efficient data posting. Ethereum supports over 100,000 transactions per second.
What’s next in the development of Ethereum 2.0?
With the Merge and Sharding now complete, Ethereum has entered the post-2.0 era, focusing on refinement, decentralization, and long-term sustainability.
Ethereum 2.0 setup and architecture
The roadmap outlined by Vitalik Buterin continues through five major upgrade phases:
The Surge: Completed in late 2024, this phase introduced sharding and significantly boosted scalability. Ethereum now supports over 100,000 transactions per second, primarily through rollups.
The Scourge: Currently underway, this phase addresses MEV (Maximal Extractable Value) risks and aims to ensure fair, neutral transaction inclusion. Protocol-level changes are being tested to reduce centralization in block production.
The Verge: Focused on stateless clients and Verkle trees, this phase will allow validators to operate without storing full blockchain data. It’s expected to launch in stages through 2026, improving decentralization and node efficiency.
The Purge: Aimed at reducing historical data bloat, this phase will simplify node operation by removing unnecessary legacy data. It will also streamline the Ethereum protocol for developers.
The Splurge: A collection of smaller upgrades and optimizations, including EVM improvements, fee market refinements, and UX enhancements. These updates are ongoing and released incrementally.
Ethereum 2.0 is no longer a future milestone—it’s now fully integrated into the Ethereum protocol. The network has transitioned from Proof-of-Work to Proof-of-Stake, implemented sharding, and embraced a rollup-centric architecture. Here’s what has unfolded since the launch:
Scalability Achieved: Ethereum now supports over 100,000 transactions per second through a combination of sharding and Layer 2 rollups. This has eliminated congestion and dramatically reduced gas fees.
Energy Efficiency: The network consumes over 99.9% less energy than it did under Proof-of-Work, making Ethereum one of the most sustainable major blockchains.
Validator Participation: Over 1 million validators are active, securing the network with more than 30 million ETH staked. Lightweight node requirements have enabled broader participation.
Rollup Dominance: Most user activity now occurs on Layer 2 platforms like Arbitrum, Optimism, and zkSync. Ethereum Layer 1 serves primarily as a settlement and data availability layer.
Reduced Competition from “Ethereum Killers”: With its scalability and efficiency challenges resolved, Ethereum has maintained its dominance in DeFi, NFTs, and Web3 infrastructure. Competing chains have shifted focus to niche use cases or interoperability.
Ongoing Upgrades: Ethereum is now progressing through the “Scourge,” “Verge,” “Purge,” and “Splurge” phases, which aim to improve censorship resistance, decentralization, protocol simplicity, and developer experience.
Eventually, the number of transactions per second will drastically increase to over 100,000 tps. So, the question would be, what would happen to the competition i.e. the “Ethereum killers”? Find out more in our article: Ethereum Merge is coming, is this the end of Ethereum killers?
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Will Ethereum 2.0 replace Ethereum?
No. Ethereum 2.0 was a series of upgrades that merged into the existing Ethereum network. The term is now outdated—Ethereum runs on Proof-of-Stake and sharding, but it’s still the same ETH.
Is there a new ETH coin?
No new coin was created. ETH remains the native currency. Beware of scams offering “ETH2” tokens—they don’t exist.
Can I withdraw staked ETH?
Yes. Since the Shanghai (Shapella) upgrade in April 2023, both staking rewards and principal can be withdrawn.
What’s the current staking yield?
As of August 2025, staking yields range from 3.5% to 4.2% annually, depending on network activity and validator performance.
Do I need 32 ETH to stake?
Not necessarily. While 32 ETH is required to run a validator node, liquid staking platforms like Lido, Rocket Pool, and Coinbase allow staking with smaller amounts.
Is staking risky?
Staking is generally safe, but validators can be penalized for downtime or malicious behavior. Liquid staking abstracts most of these risks for casual users.
Will Ethereum gas fees be lower now?
Yes. With sharding and rollups fully deployed, Ethereum can process over 100,000 transactions per second, significantly reducing gas fees.
Can I run a validator on a regular device?
Yes. Thanks to sharding and protocol optimizations, validators can now run on laptops or even mobile devices.
What happened to Ethereum mining?
Mining ended with the Merge in September 2022. Ethereum now uses Proof-of-Stake, and mining is no longer part of the protocol.
Will exchanges or dApps be affected?
No major disruptions occurred. Most exchanges and dApps transitioned smoothly during the upgrades.
Is ETH staking taxable?
Tax implications vary by country. In general, staking rewards are considered income and may be taxable when received.
What’s next for Ethereum?
Ethereum is progressing through the Verge, Purge, Scourge, and Splurge phases—focused on decentralization, data cleanup, MEV mitigation, and protocol refinement.
Disclaimer: Cryptocurrency trading involves significant risks and may result in the loss of your capital. You should carefully consider whether trading cryptocurrencies is right for you in light of your financial condition and ability to bear financial risks. Cryptocurrency prices are highly volatile and can fluctuate widely in a short period of time. As such, trading cryptocurrencies may not be suitable for everyone. Additionally, storing cryptocurrencies on a centralized exchange carries inherent risks, including the potential for loss due to hacking, exchange collapse, or other security breaches. We strongly advise that you seek independent professional advice before engaging in any cryptocurrency trading activities and carefully consider the security measures in place when choosing or storing your cryptocurrencies on a cryptocurrency exchange.
Ledger Live now lets users buy cryptocurrencies directly with credit/debit cards or bank transfers, thanks to integrated services from MoonPay, Ramp, Sardine, and PayPal. Purchased assets are sent straight to your Ledger Nano S Plus, Nano X, or Stax, eliminating the need for external exchanges. This guide walks you through the steps on securely buying cryptocurrency using Ledger Live.
Ledger Live now supports over 500 cryptocurrencies natively, with additional access to 5,000+ coins and tokens through third-party wallet integrations. Users can securely buy, send, receive, swap, and stake many of these assets directly within the Ledger Live app.
Popular Cryptocurrencies Available in Ledger Live
Here are some popular cryptocurrencies available on Ledger Live:
Bitcoin (BTC)
Ethereum (ETH)
Tether (USDT)
USD Coin (USDC)
Ripple (XRP)
Binance Coin (BNB)
Solana (SOL)
Cardano (ADA)
Dogecoin (DOGE)
Polkadot (DOT)
Litecoin (LTC)
Avalanche (AVAX)
Tron (TRX)
Monero (XMR)
Shiba Inu (SHIB)
Tezos (XTZ)
Cosmos (ATOM)
Uniswap (UNI)
Algorand (ALGO)
Token Support
Here are the types of tokens supported by Ledger Live:
ERC-20 tokens on Ethereum
BEP-20 tokens on Binance Smart Chain
SPL tokens on Solana (via third-party wallets like Phantom)
Polygon tokens and NFTs
Third-Party Wallet Compatibility
For assets not natively supported in Ledger Live, users can connect their Ledger device to wallets such as:
Follow these steps to buy cryptocurrencies using Ledger Live:
Set up your Ledger device and Ledger Live app from ledger.com. . Connect your Nano X, S Plus, or Stax and complete device initialization.
Open Ledger Live, go to “Accounts”, and add a crypto account by installing the relevant app and syncing your device.
Go to “Buy/Sell”, select your crypto asset and desired amount. Ledger Live shows offers from providers based on your location and payment method.
Choose a provider and follow prompts to complete the purchase. Crypto is sent directly to your Ledger wallet.
Supported payment options include credit/debit cards, bank transfers (SEPA, ACH), and Coinbase Pay.
Most providers require ID verification. Purchases are protected by Ledger’s Clear Signing on your device.
How to Register a Coinify Account on Ledger Live
Here is a step by step guide on how to register a Coinify Account on Ledger Live:
Open Ledger Live and go to the Buy/Sell tab. Select Coinify as your provider.
Click “Create account” and enter your email and password.
Confirm your email address via the link sent by Coinify.
Complete the Know Your Customer (KYC) process: Provide your full name, residential address, and intended use of the account. Upload a valid government-issued ID (passport or national ID card). Finally, perform a facial scan using your device’s camera.
Coinify will automatically verify your identity. The process typically takes around 2 minutes.
Once verified, your Coinify account is ready to use for buying or selling crypto directly through Ledger Live.
Create a Coinify account
How to Add a New Account on Ledger Live for Cryptocurrency Purchases
Here is a step by step guide on how to add a new account on Ledger Live to buy cryptocurrencies:
Open Ledger Live and ensure you’re using the latest version. As of August 2025, the latest version of Ledger Live is 2.120.1, released on July 17, 2025.
Connect and unlock your Ledger device (Nano S Plus, Nano X, or Stax).
Install the required crypto asset app on your device (e.g., Bitcoin app for BTC, Ethereum app for ERC-20 tokens).
In Ledger Live, go to the “Accounts” tab and click “Add account”.
Select the cryptocurrency you want to add from the dropdown list.
Open the corresponding app on your Ledger device when prompted. Ledger Live will sync with the blockchain.
Choose to add a new account or import an existing one. Note: You can’t add a second account for the same asset unless the previous one has at least one transaction.
Assign a name to your new account and click “Add account”. You can repeat the process to add more accounts or click “Done” to finish.
How to Purchase Cryptocurrencies on Ledger Live with Other Partners
Ledger Live allows users to buy crypto through integrated providers like MoonPay, BTC Direct, Coinbase Pay, Transak, Ramp, Mercuryo, Coinify, and Wyre (U.S. only). These partners are accessed via the Buy/Sell tab.
Here is a step by step guide on how to purchase cryptocurrencies on Ledger Live with other partners:
Open Ledger Live and go to Buy/Sell.
Connect and unlock your Ledger device.
Select the crypto to buy and input location and payment method.
Review quotes from available providers.
Complete KYC verification (email, name, address, ID, and selfie/scan).
Choose payment method: credit/debit card or bank transfer.
Confirm purchase; crypto is sent directly to your Ledger wallet.
Supported fiat currencies include USD, EUR, GBP, JPY, HKD, and AUD. Note that provider and payment method availability vary by country. Purchases are protected by Ledger’s Clear Signing protocol and non-custodial delivery.
User Experience and Conclusion
Ledger Live offers a secure, streamlined way to buy crypto directly through verified partners like Coinify, MoonPay, BTC Direct, and Wyre. Users retain full control of their assets, which are sent straight to their hardware wallet—avoiding exchange custody risks.
KYC is still required for first-time purchases, but the process is fast (under 5 minutes) and compliant with global standards. The interface is now more intuitive, and Clear Signing ensures transaction details can be securely verified on the device.
Whether you’re new to crypto or an experienced trader, Ledger Live remains a reliable and user-friendly choice for managing and acquiring digital assets securely.
Ledger released a new hardware wallet – the Ledger Nano X. This new device protects your cryptocurrencies with military-grade protection and prevents digital theft and hackers. These are the key new features of the Ledger Nano X:
Large HD screen – Displays address of receiver in full without scrolling
More storage space – Install up to 100 different apps for different coins.
Rechargable Battery – allows the device to be powered-on without a cable.
Ledger Recover – A new (albeit controversial) seed phrase recovery subscription service. Learn more here.
Click below to buy!
This guide will help you setup your Ledger Nano X and teach you the important features. In addition, we the most important question: Is Bluetooth Safe?
Cryptocurrency can be spent on the go with Ledger Nano X
Ledger Live Mobile remains the go-to companion app for managing crypto securely on the move. Available for iOS and Android, it pairs seamlessly with Ledger Nano X, Ledger Stax, and Nano S Plus (via OTG cable for Android).
Ledger Mobile app showing the Ethereum address with verification from Ledger Nano X
Mobile Connectivity
Bluetooth Support: Nano X connects wirelessly to smartphones via Bluetooth—no cables required.
Battery Life: Equipped with a 100mAh battery, it lasts several hours of active use or up to 3 months in standby mode.
Portfolio & Transactions
Portfolio Mode: View your crypto balances and performance even when the Nano X is not connected.
Secure Transactions: To send crypto, the Nano X must be present to sign transactions. Private keys never leave the device—only the signed transaction is transmitted.
App Management
Ledger Manager Integration: Install and manage crypto apps directly from the mobile app, similar to the desktop version2.
Firmware Updates: As of OS version 2.4.1, firmware updates are now supported via Bluetooth on Ledger Live Mobile—a major upgrade from earlier limitations.Buy, Swap & Stake
Buy Crypto: Purchase assets using third-party partners like MoonPay, Ramp, and PayPal.
Swap Crypto: Exchange assets directly in-app using services like ParaSwap and Changelly.
Stake Assets: Stake ETH, DOT, ATOM, and more—track rewards in the “Earn” section.“
NFT Management
NFT Viewer: View, send, and receive Ethereum and Polygon NFTs with full metadata support.
Security Managment
Secure Element Chip: CC EAL5+ certified for hardware-level protection.
End-to-End Encryption: Bluetooth communication is encrypted and requires physical confirmation on the device.
Biometric Unlock: Optional Face ID or fingerprint unlock for added app security.
Web3 & DeFi Access
WalletConnect Integration: Connect to dApps like Uniswap, Aave, and OpenSea directly from your phone.
How to Add or Remove Apps on the Ledger Nano X
Managing crypto apps on your Ledger Nano X is simple and secure using the Ledger Live app—available on Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, and iOS.
How to Install Apps
Open Ledger Live and navigate to My Ledger.
Connect and unlock your Nano X using your PIN.
Authorize Ledger Manager by confirming “Allow Ledger Manager” on your device.
Browse the App Catalog and click Install next to the desired cryptocurrency app.
You can install multiple apps at once.
If your list appears limited, update your device firmware first. As of July 2025, the latest version of Ledger Live is Desktop 2.120.1 and Mobile (iOS/Andriod): 3.86
Note that some apps (like Arbitrum or Optimism) require the Ethereum app to be installed first due to EVM dependencies.
How to Uninstall Apps
In My Ledger, locate the installed apps list.
Click the Trash icon next to any app to uninstall it.
You can remove multiple apps at once—confirm on your device to proceed.
Note that uninstalling apps does not affect your crypto assets. Your private keys remain securely stored on the device and backed up via your recovery phrase.
How to Update Apps
If updates are available, a notification bar will appear in My Ledger.
Click Update All to refresh your apps in one go.
App Storage Tips
The number of installable apps depends on:
Your device model (Nano X supports ~100 apps)
App sizes (some are larger than others)
Uninstall unused apps to free up space—your assets stay safe.
Is Bluetooth Safe?
Yes—Bluetooth is safe to use with the Ledger Nano X. Ledger has designed its Bluetooth functionality with security as a top priority, and the device’s architecture ensures that your private keys remain protected at all times. The previous model (Ledger Nano S) only had cable connectivity, which would not expose the device to nearby attackers. Bluetooth is safe to use in this case because the device is never controlled via Bluetooth – instead it is only used to send unsigned and signed transactions. This means the private key (the key to all the funds
Security Architecture
Private keys never leave the Secure Element chip, even during Bluetooth communication.
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) 5.0 is used solely as a transport layer for signed or unsigned transactions.
The Nano X assumes the BLE connection is compromised by default—no sensitive data is ever exposed.
End-to-End Encryption
All Bluetooth communication is end-to-end encrypted, protecting user privacy and preventing interception.
Even if BLE were compromised, attackers cannot extract private keys or force unauthorized transactions.
Physical Confirmation Required
Every transaction must be physically verified and approved on the device using its buttons.
The display and buttons are directly wired to the Secure Element, ensuring tamper-proof interaction.
Manual Control
Users can disable Bluetooth anytime via the Control Center by pressing both buttons.
When disabled, the Nano X functions via USB-C with Ledger Live desktop.
The Nano X operates with the assumption that the Bluetooth connection (which is a bearer, exactly like USB) is compromised. The addition of BLE doesn’t impact the security model. Transactions must always be physically verified on device by pressing both buttons. Moreover, on the Nano X screens and buttons are directly connected to the Secure Element (single chip architecture), which is also an enhancement of the general security design. (Valium)
Control Panel on Ledger Nano X allow Bluetooth to be turned On / Off
Keep your Recovery Phrase Safe!
Your 24-word recovery phrase is the master key to your crypto assets. It’s generated during device setup and stored only on paper—never digitally. If someone gains access to it, they can control your funds. If you lose it, recovery is impossible.
Write down your 24-word recovery phrase. The order of the words is also important.
After setting up the device, with it still plugged in, visit the Ledger Live website and download the app you want to use.
Follow the instructions on the site and use.
Note: after setting it up you will be navigating the device on your computer.
You can receive cryptocurrency even when the device is offline. It’s only when you want to send that you need to connect the device and enter your PIN and login.
After inputting all the transaction details on your computer, as an additional security measure, you can double check the details on the device. Make sure the address and amount are correct and confirm.
Best Practices for Storage
Write it down on the provided Recovery Sheet during setup.
Store it offline in a secure, private location—avoid cloud storage, photos, or digital backups.
Use fireproof and waterproof storage like metal seed plates for long-term protection.
Never share it with anyone, including Ledger support. Ledger will never ask for it.
What Not to Do
Don’t take a photo or screenshot of your recovery phrase.
Don’t enter it on any website, app, or computer.
Don’t store it in email, cloud drives, or password managers.
Recovery & Restoration
You can restore your Ledger Nano X, Nano S Plus, or Stax using your recovery phrase at any time.
Recovery is done entirely on the device—never on your phone or computer.
Ledger supports BIP39/BIP44 standard phrases, so you can restore wallets from other compatible devices too.
Ledger Recover (Optional)
Ledger offers an optional subscription service called Ledger Recover, which encrypts and splits your recovery phrase into secure fragments stored by trusted custodians.
This service is opt-in only and not enabled by default. Learn more on Ledger’s official Recover page.
If your recovery phrase is lost or compromised, Ledger cannot help you recover your assets. There is no backup stored by Ledger.
Why use a Hardware Wallet?
Here are some reasons why you could consider using a hardware wallet to store your cryptocurrencies:
Keeps Your Crypto Safe: Hardware wallets store your private keys offline. This protects them from hackers, viruses, and phishing attacks—even if your computer or phone is infected.
You’re in Control: If you use exchanges or online wallets, you are trusting someone else with your crypto. Hardware wallets let you hold your assets. No one else has access.
Physical Security: Transactions must be confirmed on the device, so no one can steal your crypto without having the wallet in hand.
Easy Recovery: If your device breaks or gets lost, you can recover everything with your secret recovery phrase. But make sure not to share or store it digitally.
Supports More Than Just Coins: These wallets work with Bitcoin, Ethereum, NFTs, DeFi apps, and digital IDs. They are a must-have tool for Web3.
Is the Ledger Nano X Worth the Upgrade?
The answer depends on what you need. If you want to manage your crypto on your phone or use Bluetooth, the Ledger Nano X is worth it.
The Nano X has more memory than the older Nano S model, which was retired. It can hold up to 100 apps for different cryptocurrencies. This is helpful if you use more than three types of crypto. The Nano S Plus also holds up to 100 apps, but it costs less. However, the Nano X has Bluetooth and a built-in battery, which the Nano S Plus does not.
With Bluetooth, you can connect the Nano X to your phone without using cables. The battery lasts for several hours of use or about three months in standby mode. This makes it easier to use the wallet on the go.
The Nano X works with iPhones and Android phones through the Ledger Live Mobile app. You can view your crypto portfolio anytime, but you need the device with you to send crypto. Your private keys never leave the device, so your funds stay safe.
The Nano X uses a secure chip to protect your information. It works with over 5,500 cryptocurrencies, NFTs, and Web3 apps. It also connects to wallets like MetaMask and Phantom.
One thing to think about is the battery. Some users say it becomes weaker over time. Also, Ledger offers a service called Ledger Recover that helps you recover your wallet if you lose your recovery phrase. Some people are worried about privacy when using that service.
If you want Bluetooth, mobile access, and more storage, the Nano X is a good option. But if you mostly use your desktop and want to save money, the Nano S Plus might work better for you.
Successfully set up your Ledger Nano X? Now it’s time to get started with trading Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies! Check out my course created in collaboration with Jeff Kirdeikis of Uptrennd- Bitcademy: Learn, Invest & Trade Bitcoin – In Under an Hour
Anoma is an innovative distributed operating system designed for intent-centric applications, aiming to revolutionize the blockchain landscape by unifying fragmented ecosystems. With its unique approach to decentralized applications, Anoma seeks to simplify user interactions and abstract away the complexities of underlying blockchain infrastructure. As the project gains traction, many in the crypto community are keenly watching for potential airdrop opportunities, making “anoma airdrop” a highly searched term. This comprehensive guide will provide a step-by-step approach to interacting with the Anoma project for a potential airdrop, along with an overview of the project, its team, funding, and revenue model.
Anoma Airdrop: Step-by-Step Guide to Potential Rewards
Interacting with the Anoma ecosystem, particularly its testnet, is crucial for positioning yourself for a potential anoma airdrop. While official airdrop criteria are often unannounced or subject to change, active participation in testnets and community engagement are generally strong indicators for eligibility. The Anoma testnet, however, currently requires an invite code, which can be challenging to obtain. Below are the steps to navigate this process and maximize your chances for an anoma airdrop.
Step 1: Obtaining an Anoma Testnet Invite Code
The Anoma testnet is a permissioned environment, meaning access is restricted and requires an invite code. This exclusivity makes obtaining a code a significant first hurdle for any potential anoma airdrop participant.
Here’s what we know and how you can try to secure one:
1.Official Announcements: The Anoma team primarily distributes invite codes through their official channels. Keep a very close eye on their official X (formerly Twitter) account (https://x.com/anoma) and their Discord server. These platforms are the most likely places for code drops and announcements regarding how to obtain them.
2.Community Engagement: Actively participate in the Anoma community on Discord and X. Engage with their posts, ask thoughtful questions, and contribute to discussions. The team may prioritize active and engaged community members for invite code distribution. Some users have reported receiving codes by quoting official Anoma posts on X and expressing interest [2].
3.Monitor Community Shares: Occasionally, individuals who receive invite codes may share them with their followers or within specific community groups. While rare, monitoring these shares on platforms like X can provide an opportunity. Be cautious and verify the legitimacy of any shared codes.
4.Testnet Overview Resources: Some community-created guides and overviews, such as those found on Nodes.Guru (https://nodes.guru/anoma), might offer insights into the testnet and potential ways to gain access, though direct invite codes are unlikely to be found there.
Important Note: The testnet is currently a desktop-only experience [1]. Ensure you are accessing it from a desktop machine once you secure an invite code.
Step 2: Interacting with the Anoma Testnet (Once Access is Granted)
Once you have successfully obtained an invite code and gained access to the Anoma testnet (https://testnet.anoma.net/), your goal is to actively engage with its features. The more meaningful your interactions, the higher your chances for a future anoma airdrop. While specific tasks may vary as the testnet evolves, here are general actions to consider:
1.Explore Features: Familiarize yourself with the testnet interface and all available functionalities. Anoma is focused on intent-centric applications, so look for ways to define and resolve intents within the testnet environment.
2.Perform Transactions: Execute various types of transactions. This could involve swapping tokens, interacting with decentralized applications (dApps) built on Anoma, or any other transactional activities the testnet supports.
3.Provide Feedback: If there’s a mechanism for providing feedback (e.g., a dedicated Discord channel, a feedback form), actively report bugs, suggest improvements, and share your user experience. Constructive feedback is highly valued by development teams and can significantly increase your standing.
4.Participate in Gamified Elements: The Anoma testnet has been described as an “interactive, gamified visualization” [4]. Look for and participate in any gamified elements, such as earning “fitcoin” by clicking on a bicycle, as mentioned by some early testers [5]. These activities are often designed to encourage engagement and may be tracked for airdrop eligibility.
5.Stay Updated: Continuously monitor Anoma’s official announcements for new testnet phases, features, or specific tasks that might be introduced. The landscape of an anoma airdrop can change rapidly.
Step 3: General Engagement and Community Participation
Beyond direct testnet interaction, maintaining a consistent presence and positive engagement within the Anoma community can also contribute to your eligibility for an anoma airdrop.
1.Follow Official Channels: Stay connected with Anoma on X, Discord, and any other official social media or communication platforms.
2.Engage with Content: Like, retweet, and comment on their posts. Share informative content about Anoma with your network.
3.Participate in AMAs/Discussions: If Anoma hosts Ask Me Anything (AMA) sessions or community calls, try to attend and ask relevant questions. This demonstrates genuine interest and commitment.
4.Educate Others: If you understand the project well, help new community members with their questions. Being a helpful and knowledgeable member can make you stand out.
By diligently following these steps, you can significantly increase your chances of qualifying for a future anoma airdrop. Remember, persistence and genuine engagement are key in the competitive world of crypto airdrops.
Project Overview: Anoma – Web3’s Intent-Centric OS
Anoma is building a distributed operating system that aims to solve the pervasive problem of fragmentation in the current blockchain ecosystem. Unlike traditional blockchains that focus on transaction processing, Anoma introduces an “intent-centric” paradigm. This means users express their desired outcomes (intents), and the Anoma network, powered by its “Intent Machine” (IM), handles the complex process of fulfilling these intents across various underlying blockchains (e.g., Ethereum, Cosmos). This approach seeks to provide a unified, user-friendly experience, abstracting away the technical complexities of cross-chain interactions. Anoma emphasizes programmable data sovereignty, allowing users and developers fine-grained control over data sharing, and features on-demand consensus for enhanced scalability and privacy.
Team Information
Anoma is primarily developed by Heliax Labs, a research, development, and product company focused on blockchain technology. Heliax Labs operates as a public goods lab, with a remote-first and globally distributed team. Key individuals associated with the project and Heliax Labs include:
•Awa Sun Yin: Co-Founder
•Adrian Brink: Co-Founder
•Christopher Goes: Co-Founder
The team’s expertise spans various areas of blockchain, cryptography, and decentralized systems, reflecting Anoma’s ambitious vision.
Funding Information
Anoma has successfully secured substantial funding from prominent investors in the blockchain space, underscoring the confidence in its innovative approach. The project has raised a total of $60.25 million across multiple funding rounds [3]. Key funding milestones include:
•April 2021: An initial round raising $6.75 million, led by Polychain Capital.
•November 2021: A significant $26 million round, also led by Polychain Capital, with participation from notable firms such as Coinbase Ventures and P2P Capital.
•May 2023: A Series C round securing $25 million, co-led by CMCC Global, with participation from Electric Capital and other investors.
Other investors in Anoma include Fifth Era, Delphi Digital, and Spartan, among others. This strong backing positions Anoma with significant resources for continued development and ecosystem growth, further fueling interest in a potential anoma airdrop.
Revenue Model
Anoma’s proposed revenue model is multifaceted, designed to sustain the network and incentivize participation within its ecosystem. While specific details may evolve, the core components identified include:
•Transaction Fees: Similar to other blockchain networks, Anoma is expected to generate revenue through fees associated with transactions and intent resolution on its platform.
•Premium Features/Services: The platform may offer premium features or services that generate additional revenue streams.
•Consensus Node Operation: Anoma could derive revenue from operating consensus nodes, contributing to the network’s security and validation.
•Front-Running Protection: Mechanisms for front-running protection, a critical feature in decentralized finance, could also contribute to the revenue model.
•XAN Token Burning: A unique aspect involves the project’s native token, XAN. Users may have the option to burn XAN within intents, and intent processors (solvers, relay nodes) might require a certain amount of XAN to be burned. This mechanism could create deflationary pressure on the token and serve as a value accrual method.
These revenue streams are designed to create a sustainable economic model for the Anoma ecosystem, supporting its long-term development and operational costs.
Conclusion
Anoma represents a significant leap forward in blockchain technology with its intent-centric architecture, aiming to create a more unified and user-friendly Web3 experience. For those interested in a potential anoma airdrop, active participation in the testnet (once access is secured) and consistent community engagement are paramount. While the path to an anoma airdrop may require patience and persistence, the project’s strong backing, innovative technology, and clear vision make it a compelling opportunity for early adopters. Stay vigilant on official channels for invite codes and testnet updates, and contribute meaningfully to the Anoma community to maximize your chances.
Kaspa Finance is emerging as a significant player in the decentralized finance (DeFi) space, building on the high-speed and scalable Kaspa EVM (Kasplex L2) blockchain. With its innovative approach to DeFi, including ultra-fast swaps, AI-powered trading bots, and multi-reward farming, Kaspa Finance aims to provide a robust and efficient ecosystem for users.
This article will serve as your ultimate guide to understanding the Kaspa Finance project, with a primary focus on how to participate in their confirmed airdrop campaign to earn valuable KFC tokens. We will also delve into the project’s overview, team information, funding details, and revenue model, providing a holistic view for potential participants and investors.
Kaspa Finance Airdrop: Step-by-Step Guide
The Kaspa Finance airdrop campaign is designed to reward early adopters and active participants within its ecosystem. The total airdrop token pool is 10,000,000 $KFC, with 2 million tokens allocated for Phase 1. Below is a detailed, step-by-step guide on how to interact with the project and maximize your chances of receiving an airdrop.
Phase 1: Early Interest & Social Engagement
Phase 1 focuses on onboarding early adopters and growing the Kaspa Finance community through social engagement. Completing these tasks will earn you points towards the airdrop.
Follow Social Media: Follow the official Kaspa Finance social media accounts, particularly their X (formerly Twitter) account @KaspaFinance.
Retweet Launch Announcement: Retweet the official launch announcement from @KaspaFinance.
Connect & Engage on Social Accounts: Connect your social media accounts and actively engage with Kaspa Finance content. This helps in tracking your participation and assigning points.
Phase 2: Testnet Usage & On-Chain Activities
Phase 2 rewards users for actively using the Kaspa Finance testnet, focusing on trading, swapping, farming, staking, and providing liquidity. These actions contribute significantly to your airdrop points:
First Swap: Complete your very first swap on the Kaspa Finance testnet.
Daily Active Trading: Perform 5 or more swaps daily.
Weekly Volume Leader: Aim to be among the top 50 users in weekly trading volume. There are on-chain milestones for users who cross $1,000 and $10,000 in weekly trading volume.
Ledger Nano X is the next generation of Hardware wallet with smartphone support, a larger screen and more storage space for Apps. Retailing for US$119, the Ledger Nano X is great for newcomers or experienced traders trading more than 3 types of cryptocurrencies at at time or large volumes on the go. If more apps and mobility isn’t a big concern, stick with the Ledger Nano S.
In this review, we’ll be looking at the security, hardware design and cryptocurrency support of the Ledger Nano X to tell you if this device is worth purchasing or not. For Set-up and installation guides, check out our full Ledger Nano X guide.
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Key Features of the Ledger Nano X:
Ledger Nano X Video Review
Certified Security: Built with a CC EAL5+ certified Secure Element chip and CSPN certification from ANSSI, offering robust protection against physical and software attacks.
Flexible Connectivity Connects to mobile and desktop devices via Bluetooth 5.0 or USB-C.
Large App Storage: Supports up to 100 apps simultaneously for managing diverse crypto assets.
Built-in Rechargeable Battery: Includes a 100mAh battery, providing up to 10 hours of active use or 150 transactions per charge.
Ledger Live Compatibility Works seamlessly with Ledger Live app on desktop and mobile to: (1) Buy, sell, and swap crypto; (2) Stake supported assets (e.g., ETH, ATOM, ALGO); (3) Manage Ethereum and Polygon NFTs with full metadata; (4) Access DeFi via WalletConnect.
Extensive Asset Support: Manages 5,500+ cryptocurrencies and tokens, with third-party wallet integration for additional assets.
NFT Management: View, send, and receive NFTs directly within Ledger Live, with full metadata and image previews for Ethereum and Polygon-based NFTs.
Ledger Recover – A subscription-based (albeit controversial) seed phrase recovery service. Learn more here.
Latest features: stake, swap, earn and lend cryptocurrencies
Staking
Ledger Live supports staking for over 15 assets—including ETH, SOL, DOT, ATOM, and ADA—via trusted providers like Lido and Kiln. Users can choose validators or stake in pools while earning up to 11.5% APY, all while keeping full control of their assets.
Swapping
Users can swap cryptocurrencies directly within Ledger Live using partners such as Changelly, 1inch, and Paraswap. This feature supports hundreds of token pairs across multiple chains without exposing private keys.
Earning
The Earn dashboard offers a streamlined view of staking positions, rewards, and APYs, as well as access to various staking, lending, and DeFi opportunities—all in one place.
Lending
Users can lend stablecoins like DAI, USDT, and USDC through Compound without leaving Ledger Live. In return, they receive cTokens, maintaining full custody of funds through their Nano X wallet.
Security features
One of the key reasons to buy Ledger hardware wallets is the firm’s reputation for security. Here are some of the Ledger Nano X’s security features:
Certified Secure Element (CC EAL5+): The Ledger Nano X uses the ST33J2M0 Secure Element chip, independently certified to Common Criteria EAL5+, the same standard used in passports and banking cards. This chip securely stores private keys and signs transactions in isolation from potentially compromised devices.
BOLOS Operating System: Ledger’s proprietary BOLOS OS runs on a separate microcontroller (STM32WB55), ensuring secure app sandboxing and safe communication between the Secure Element and external interfaces.
CSPN Certification by ANSSI: The Nano X holds CSPN certification from ANSSI, France’s national cybersecurity agency. This certification validates the device’s resistance to both physical and software-based attacks.
Bluetooth Security: Bluetooth 5.0 is used only to transmit public data. Private keys never leave the Secure Element. Even if Bluetooth is compromised, transactions must be physically verified on the device. Bluetooth can also be disabled entirely.
PIN & Passphrase Protection: Access to the device is gated by a user-defined PIN. For added security, users can create hidden wallets protected by a passphrase, allowing decoy access in coercive situations.
Ledger Recover (Optional): A subscription-based recovery service that encrypts and shards your 24-word recovery phrase across multiple custodians. It’s opt-in and designed for users who want a backup safety net—though it remains a debated feature in the crypto community.
Firmware Updates: Regular firmware updates (latest: v1.6.0) enhance security and add features like Clear Signing and Ledger Sync™, ensuring the device stays resilient against emerging threats.
What are secure elements?
Secure elements are separate pieces of hardware (second layer of security) with their own storage and limited functionality that cannot be breached by hackers. This means that even if the Ledger Nano X is connected to a compromise device – like a hacked laptop or phone, the private keys (=access to crypto funds) is never compromised. Devices like the Trezor One and Model Tdo not have secure elements and only have a single layer of security.
Ledger Nano X Teardown showing CC EAL 5+ Secure Element Chip
Is the bluetooth connection on the Ledger Nano X safe?
The Nano X has the addition of Bluetooth support. Unfortunately Bluetooth’s security record is not spotless, and presents a new vector of attack for the device. Ledger CTO Nicolas Bacca has stated during an interview that Bluetooth on Ledger functions assuming the connection has been compromised – at no point will it be able to take over the device.
Bluetooth can be turned off on the Ledger Nano X
Ledger hack
In July 2020, Ledger suffered a data breach of its marketing database, exposing about 1 million email addresses and personal information for 9,500 customers. However, Ledger hardware wallets themselves were never hacked—no private keys or funds were compromised.
Phishing email sent from info@ledgersupport.io address
Additional social engineering attacks followed in 2025:
In April 2025, fake Ledger-branded letters containing QR phishing codes were mailed to victims.
In May 2025, attackers hijacked Ledger’s Discord server using a compromised moderator account to post fake security alerts.
Ledger continues to emphasize that it never asks for your 24-word recovery phrase, and the Nano X hardware wallet remains secure when used properly.
We do note that this can be more accurately characterised as a “data breach” rather than a hack. More importantly, this breach had no link or impact on the Ledger hardware wallets or the Ledger Live app. Cryptocurrencies stored on the Ledger devices have never been at risk.
5/5 Security Rating
Multi Currency Support
Ledger remains a top-tier choice for crypto enthusiasts thanks to its extensive multi-currency support. As of 2025, the Ledger Nano X supports over 5,500 digital assets, including more than 2,000 individual coins and thousands of tokens across multiple blockchain standards like ERC-20, BEP-20, and SPL2. Here are some of the key cryptocurrency support features offered by the Ledger Nano X:
Ledger Live is the official companion app and offers native support for 500+ coins. Meanwhile third-party wallet integrations expand compatibility to 5,500+ assets.
Major cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Solana (SOL), Cardano (ADA), and Avalanche (AVAX) are fully supported.
Staking and governance features are available for select assets, including Ethereum 2.0, Cosmos, and Solana.
New token standards such as ERC-404 and Bitcoin Ordinals are partially supported via third-party apps.
Ledger’s open app ecosystem allows developers to submit new blockchain apps, ensuring rapid adoption of emerging assets.
How many coins can Ledger Nano X Hold?
In 2025, the Ledger Nano X can hold over 2,000 coins and 5,500+ digital assets through a combination of native and third-party integrations. The device has 2 MB of internal storage and supports installing up to 100 apps at once, with each app enabling access to a different blockchain and its associated tokens. Thanks to firmware optimizations, users can easily uninstall and reinstall apps as needed without affecting their stored assets. Ledger Live provides native support for over 500 coins, while thousands more are accessible using external wallet apps.
Note that app storage is a convenience feature – apps will still retain their accounts / cryptocurrency balances even if uninstalled.
Does Ledger Nano X support Ethereum and ERC-20?
As of 2025, the Ledger Nano X offers full support for Ethereum (ETH) and over 1,250 ERC-20 tokens. Users can manage these assets directly in the Ledger Live app using the Ethereum application. For ERC-20 tokens not supported natively in Ledger Live, third-party wallets like MetaMask or MyEtherWallet can be used while still benefiting from Ledger’s secure key management.
Ledger has also expanded its Ethereum capabilities to support Ethereum 2.0 staking. Users can now participate in Ethereum’s proof-of-stake system directly through Ledger Live, using their Nano X to securely sign staking transactions and manage validator keys. For the most up-to-date list of supported Ethereum assets, users can visit Ledger’s official asset list.
Is Ledger ready for Ethereum 2.0?
In 2025, the Ledger Nano X is fully ready for Ethereum 2.0 and its ongoing upgrades. Ledger supports Ethereum’s proof-of-stake (PoS) system, including staking ETH directly through Ledger Live, where users can securely sign deposit contract transactions and manage validator keys using the Ethereum app on their device.
Ledger’s firmware and Ethereum app updates—originally introduced with version 1.2.4-5 and Ethereum app 1.6.0—enabled compatibility with EIP-2333, the cryptographic standard required for Ethereum 2.0 key derivation. These updates allow users to generate Ethereum 2.0 withdrawal keys and validate that they belong to their Ledger device, ensuring secure participation in staking.
5/5 Multi Currency Support
Hardware Design
Input is made with the two circular buttons
The Ledger Nano X features two physical buttons integrated into the pivoting cover, used for navigation, selection, and secure confirmations. While some users find entering PINs and recovery phrases with just two buttons a bit tedious, Ledger has maintained this minimalist design for security and durability. The larger, high-resolution screen continues to be a standout feature, allowing full cryptocurrency addresses to be displayed without scrolling—an improvement over the older Nano S.
The USB-C interface is now standard for charging and connectivity, aligning with broader tech industry trends. The Nano X also supports Bluetooth 5.0, enabling wireless use with mobile devices via the Ledger Live app. For users concerned about wireless security, Bluetooth can be disabled in the device settings.
As of 2025, the Nano X is available in 3 colour options: Onyx Black, Blazing Orange, and Cosmic Purple. These cosmetic choices don’t affect functionality but offer users a bit more personalization.
The Ledger Nano X offers mobile functionality through the Ledger Live app, available on both iOS and Android. The device connects via Bluetooth 5.0, allowing users to manage their crypto assets on the go without needing a cable. This includes sending and receiving transactions, checking balances, and accessing features like staking and swapping.
While mobile support adds flexibility, the process still involves multiple security steps: unlocking the device with a PIN, navigating to the appropriate app, and confirming transactions on-screen. This ensures robust protection but may feel less convenient for quick, everyday transactions. For these everyday transactions, many prefer to use wallet apps that are available on your phone, but those come with higher secuirty risks. Therefore, for users prioritizing mobility with strong security, the Nano X remains one of the most capable hardware wallets available.
How do you Update the Ledger Nano X?
Ledger periodically releases updates for the Ledger Nano X to improve security, functionality and coin support. In fact, firmware updates are required in order to get support for the latest cryptocurrencies. The latest firmware version is 2.4.1, released in April 2025. This update improved Bluetooth reliability and memory performance, and added support for new cryptographic standards. Here is a step by step guide on how to update the Ledger Nano X:
Connect and unlock your Nano X (either via USB or Bluetooth).
If a firmware update is available, you’ll see a message. Click “Update firmware.”
Follow the prompts in the app and confirm the update directly on your device when asked.
Your Nano X will restart, and your apps will be automatically reinstalled. Your crypto stays safe.
Ledger Nano X worth the upgrade?
The Ledger Nano X costs about US$149 USD, and it is a top choice for people who want to manage lots of different cryptocurrencies, especially while on the go. It has Bluetooth, a larger screen, and more memory, so you can install up to 100 apps at the same time—perfect if you use many types of coins.
The latest update, firmware version 2.4.1, was released in April 2025. It made Bluetooth more stable, helped apps run better, and added new security features. You can even install updates using just Bluetooth, with no need for a cable.
If you only use a few coins and do not need Bluetooth, the Ledger Nano S Plus is a cheaper option at US$79. But if you want maximum flexibility and better mobile features, the Nano X is a great upgrade.
Ledger Nano X compared with Trezor Model
The Ledger Nano X and Trezor Model T are both top hardware wallets with different strengths. The Nano X is more affordable at around US$149, supports 5,500+ assets, includes Bluetooth for mobile use, and offers strong security features like a Secure Element and Ledger Recover. Its latest firmware (2.4.1, released April 2025) improved Bluetooth and cryptographic support.
The Trezor Model T costs about US$219 and features a large color touchscreen. It lacks Bluetooth but includes advanced privacy tools like CoinJoin and Shamir Secret Sharing. It does not use a Secure Element chip, which some users see as a security drawback. The Ledger Nano X, with more coin support and mobile access, is better suited for users with diverse crypto needs, while the Trezor appeals to those who prefer open-source software and a touchscreen.
The main difference between the two is the display and number of supported coins. The Trezor’s touchscreen makes entering PINs and recovery phrases easier, but it supports fewer coins, and many projects prioritize Ledger first. In the end, the choice depends on whether the coins you need are supported. Ledger is known for wide asset support and strong compatibility with decentralized exchanges like Binance DEX, IDEX, and Switcheo.
Can you keep your coins when upgrading from the Ledger Nano S to Ledger Nano X?
Yes. Just choose “Restore from recovery phrase” during setup and enter your 24-word phrase.
Can the Bluetooth Feature be turned Off in Ledger Nano X?
Yes. Hold both buttons for 3 seconds, go to Settings, and switch off Bluetooth.
Can many apps can you install on the Ledger Nano X?
Up to 100, depending on size. You can remove and reinstall apps without losing your coins.
Why does the Ledger Nano X Bitcoin Address change?
Ledger includes a feature to automatically generate a new Bitcoin address each time an old one is used. This increases the privacy of transactions, as different addresses are used for new transactions. All old addresses still work and belong to your wallet.
How do you generate a new public address for receiving funds?
A new one shows up after using the last. You can also tap “Receive” in Ledger Live to get one.
What is the latest Ledger Firmware?
As of July 2025, tehe latest Ledger firmware is version 2.4.1, released in April 2025. It improves Bluetooth, memory, and security.
Can I use Ledger Nano X with decentralized apps (dApps) and Web3 platforms?
Yes. The Ledger Nano X can be connected to dApps through Ledger Live’s Discover section or via WalletConnect and MetaMask. This allows secure interaction with DeFi platforms, NFT marketplaces, and other Web3 services while keeping your private keys offline.
Does Ledger Nano X support Ledger Recover?
Yes. Ledger Recover is an optional subscription service that lets you back up your 24-word recovery phrase in encrypted form with trusted providers. It is available through Ledger Live and requires identity verification. You can opt in or out at any time.
Further reading
Just got a new Ledger Nano X? or always been curious about getting started with Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies? Check out my course created in collaboration with Jeff Kirdeikis of Uptrennd- Bitcademy: Learn, Invest & Trade Bitcoin – In Under an Hour
